hannibal barca of carthage

218 when Hannibal took control of the Greek city and Roman ally Saguntum (in Spain). The Mediterranean world of the third and second centuries was in a process of transforming itself into some kind of unity. In this Syrian War, Hannibal advised Antiochus to invade Italy. J.-C. à 241 av. Hannibal's Alps crossing was a remarkable military achievement. In October 218, 38,000 soldiers and 8,000 cavalry had reached the plains along the river Po in the vicinity of the Italian town Turin. In addition to an inclement climate, Hannibal's army faced guerrilla attacks from Indigenous tribes who rolled heavy stones across their path. In 219 B.C., Hannibal attacked the town of Saguntum (Sagunto, Spain), raising the ire of Rome and starting the Second Punic War. Syracuse became a Carthaginian ally in 214. On the 15th day of the crossing, and more than five months away from Cartagena, Hannibal finally exited the Alps with just 20,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry and all 37 elephants. He had been in Italy for almost four years, and his army still needed reinforcements. Since Rome was occupied with the Second Illyrian War and unable to support the town, Saguntum fell after a blockade of eight months. Although Carthage sent an army to Sicily, Hannibal himself received hardly any troops. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. After World War II, he committed suicide to escape capture. Hannibal married a native princess. The new governor further improved the Carthaginian position by diplomatic means, among which was intermarriage between Carthaginians and Iberians. The radical changes must be dated to the second century, when the Romans introduced mass slavery to their plantages.). Syracuse was betrayed to Marcellus and re-entered the Roman alliance. In this capacity, Hannibal promoted a moderate democracy, reorganized the revenues, and took measures to stimulate agriculture and commerce. He was able to inflict heavy casualties on the Roman army in the battles of Trebbia, Trasimene and Cannae, but at a heavy cost in men and many of his elephants. The Roman siege of Capua lasted for a long time and seemed to end in failure, but Hannibal realized that his exhausted troops would not be able to hold it. Hannibal Barca was a Carthaginian general who was considered to be one of the great military leaders in history. At an early age, he took Hannibal to Spain and made him swear eternal hostility toward the Roman Empire. Hermann Göring was a leader of the Nazi Party. He was condemned to hang as a war criminal in 1946 but took his own life instead. The fact is, however, that the Romans felt offended, and demanded Hannibal to be extradited by the Carthaginian government. To avoid capture by the Romans, he eventually took his own life. This time, the Romans were not surprised by the Carthaginian invasion across the Alps: Hasdrubal was defeated at the river Metaurus before he could contact his brother (207). His most famous campaign took place during the Second Punic War (218-202), when he caught the Romans off guard by crossing the Alps. Carthage's economy was ruined and in 196 the people of Carthage choose Hannibal as suffete. Constantine I was a Roman emperor who ruled early in the 4th century. Sardinia revolted; Capua became Hannibal's capital in Italy. The Roman historian Livy mentions that Hannibal's father forced his son to promise eternal hatred against the Romans. Therefore, Hannibal endorsed a larger strategy to make the Romans dissipate their strength. in Bithynien) war ein karthagischer Stratege und Heerführer, der als einer der größten Feldherren der Antike gilt. Hannibal tried to repeat his Cannae tactics, but Scipio had better cavalry than the unfortunate consuls fourteen years before. The plains along the Po were inhabited by Gauls who had recently been subjected to Rome, and were only too willing to welcome Hannibal and throw off the Roman yoke. The ancient name of Córdoba is unknown, although the Punic element Kart, "town", is still recognizable in its name. Hannibal’s Invasion of Italy . He made the seaport of Qart Hadasht ("New City," now Cartagena) his home base. The place where this happened, Libyssa, was venerated by later generations. For seventeen years, the two states struggled for supremacy, primarily in Italy and Iberia, but also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia and, towards the end of the war, in North Africa. First, it sent armies to recapture Syracuse and Capua. In July, the Romans pinned down the Carthaginian army in the neighborhood of Cannae on the Italian east coast; battle was engaged on the second of August. In these years, both Rome and the Seleucid king showed an interest in Greece and Macedonia. After several preliminary engagements, the armies of Scipio and Hannibal clashed at Zama (19 October 202). One of the Seleucid governors became independent: his name was Artaxias and he proclaimed himself king of Greater Armenia. Carthage was a large and important Phoenician city-state in northern Africa, which was often at odds with the Greek and Roman empires. in Karthago; † 183 v. Chr. J.-C. à Carthage (au nord-est de l'actuelle Tunis en Tunisie) et mort entre 183 av. He was the first Christian emperor and saw the empire begin to become a Christian state. Both make excellent reading. Erwin Rommel was one of German's most popular generals during World War II, however,  after he was implicated in a plot to overthrow Hitler, Rommel took his life in 1944. Hannibal realized the problem and decided that he had to abandon his offensives in central Italy. He was born into a Carthaginian military family and made to swear hostility toward Rome. The Romans demanded he be turned over to them, but he was determined not to fall into enemy hands and fled. In the end, this would seal his fate. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Rome counterattacked and he was forced to return to Carthage where he was defeated. Hannibal's hope of reinforcement had evaporated. It is impossible to solve this problem. Hannibal and Second Punic War General . After Carthage's defeat by the Romans in the First Punic War in 241 B.C, Hamilcar devoted himself to improving both his and Carthage's fortunes. In the early Spring of 217, Hannibal left his winter quarter at Bologna, traversed the Apennines and ravaged Etruria (modern Tuscany). (The famous scientist Archimedes of Syracuse was killed during the fights: text.) When Hannibal (in his own, Punic language: Hanba'al, "mercy of Ba'al") was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was about to lose a long and important war. It simply means that their imperia were a consequence of a process of cultural homogenization. Rome defeated king Philip in the Second Macedonian War (200-197), and unexpectedly recalled their troops - leaving Greece unprotected against a Seleucid invasion. Slowly, the Romans pushed Hannibal southward. After Hannibal's death, Roman power was not seriously challenged for almost six centuries. However, the constitutional reform clipped the wings of the landed aristocracy; its members informed the Roman Senate of Hannibal's plan to ally Carthage with the Seleucid Empire (i.e., Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Iran); they suggested that Hannibal wanted to invade Italy a second time, if only the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great gave him an army. Hannibal was known for leading the Carthaginian army and a team of elephants across southern Europe and the Alps Mountains against Rome in the Second Punic War. And, contrary to Hannibal's expectation, Rome's allies remained loyal. Immediately, some 14,000 Gauls volunteered to serve under Hannibal. He fought in the War of 1812 and died at the Alamo in the Texas Revolution. Meanwhile, the Romans regained self-confidence and ground: Hannibal's attempts to capture ports like Cumae and Puteoli - necessary to receive fresh troops - failed. This may be an invention, but there may be some truth in the story: the Carthaginians had excellent reasons to hate their enemies. This page was created in 1995; last modified on 8 September 2020. Leaving his brother, also named Hasdrubal, to protect Carthage’s interests in Spain and North Africa, Hannibal assembled a … https://www.biography.com/military-figure/hannibal. In the winter, he launched a diplomatic offensive, and in 215 he secured an alliance with king Philip V of Macedonia. Scipio Africanus was a talented Roman general who commanded the army that defeated Hannibal in the final battle of the Second Punic War in 202 B.C. They continued the siege of Capua, and took it in 211. Meanwhile, Rome dispatched forces to Iberia and North Africa, raiding Carthaginian towns and villages. Hannibal escaped to Carthage, where he advised negotiations. In 190 B.C., he was placed in command of a Seleucid (Greek) Empire fleet and engaged in war with Rome's ally Pergamon. Two legions were annihilated. He met little resistance from local forces allied to Rome. Antiochus swallowed the bait and invaded Greece (192). This was not entirely fair: Fabius had no experienced troops and had to train an army, and this policy was successful. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! He was able to get within three miles of the capital before a stalemate ensued. At the same time, Rome attacked his lines of conmuciation and his supply base in Iberia (more). J.-C. et 181 av. Hannibal interrupted his campaigns in Catalonia, and decided to win the war by a bold invasion of Italy before the Romans were prepared. After Rome's victory, it stripped Carthage of its most important province, Sicily; and when civil war had broken out in Cartage, Rome seized Sardinia and Corsica as well. However, the Senate refused to come to terms and Rome's closest allies, those in central Italy, remained loyal. On hearing the news, Rome declared the Second Punic War and sent reinforcements to Sicily, where they expected the main Carthaginian attack. Over the next three years, Hannibal's army battled Scipio's forces for control of Italian territory. It is likely that the young man visited Carthage in these years. He was skilled at tank warfare. While the negotiations about his fate were going on, Hannibal continued to extend Carthage's territory: he appointed his brother Hasdrubal (not to be confused with Hannibal's brother-in-law) as commander in Iberia, and in May 218 he crossed the river Ebro in order to complete the conquest of the Iberian peninsula. This, however, did not happen, and he was forced to cross the Apennines a second time, hoping to establish a new base in Apulia, the 'heel' of Italy. Rome countered this by an alliance with the Greek towns in Aetolia; the Aetolian League started a war against Macedonia. In approximately 183 B.C., at Libyssa, near the Bosporus Straits, Hannibal took his own life by ingesting a vial of poison. After some initial successes, the Roman generals were killed in action and almost all was lost. The creation of one, big Mediterranean Empire was inevitable, and the issue of the Second Punic War was whether this Mediterranean Empire would have a Roman or a Carthaginian face. At age 26, Hannibal was given command of an army and immediately set out to consolidate Carthaginian control of Iberia. The Romans hunted him down in southern Italy, but Hannibal was able to continue a kind of guerilla war in the "toe" of Italy. Ce conflit, engagé pour le contrôle de la Sicile et qui dure 23 ans de 264 av. One of the many modern biographies: Serge Lancel, Hannibal (1995 Paris). Davy Crockett was a frontiersman, legendary folk hero and three-time Congressman. There were several Carthaginian cities in Andalusia: Gadir ("castle", modern Cádiz), Malkah ("royal town", Málaga) and New Carthage (Cartagena). Unlike the Roman Senate, which had not panicked when Rome was under attack by Hannibal, the Carthaginian government was disheartened and recalled Hannibal's still unconquered veterans from Italy (203). He tailed the invader, but evaded battle; the Romans found Fabius' strategy unacceptable and would later call him 'the dawdler' (Cunctator). One way or another, some kind of Mediterranean unity was bound to come, and the big question was whether the Greek-Roman or the Phoenician-Carthaginian culture was to be the crystallization point. Eventually, however, under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, his son Hannibal, and his son-in-law Hasdrubal, Carthage acquired a new base in Spain, whence they could renew the war against Rome. Hannibal Barkas (punisch: ḥnbʿl brq; der erste Teil des Namens, der eigentliche Personenname, bedeutet wörtlich „Baal ist gnädig“, der zweite Teil, „Blitz“, ist ein Beiname, den schon Hannibals Vater trug; * um 247 v. Chr. Rome thought it would be easy to defeat Hannibal, but Hannibal was full of surprises, including his manner of entering the Italic peninsula from Spain. Rome asked an enormous prize: it demanded the Carthaginian fleet, recognition of the Roman conquests in Iberia, and an indemnity of no less than 10,000 talents, to be paid in fifty annual installments. They used trumpets to stampede the remaining few elephants, which circled back and trampled the Carthaginian troops. This war was finally won by Carthage through the efforts of the general Hamilcar Barca (l. c. 285 - c. 228 BCE), father of the famous Hannibal Barca (l. 247-183 BCE) of the Second Punic War. He married Imilce, an Iberian princess, and conquered or allied with numerous Iberian tribes. He therefore tried to force his enemies to raise their siege by a diversionary attack on Rome itself. Thanks to their help, Hannibal won a second victory at the river Trebia (west of modern Piacenza), defeating a Roman army that had been supplemented with the troops that had been sent to Sicily earlier that year (December 218). The decisive battle of the Second Punic War was therefore, thanks to Roman stubbornness, not fought on Italian soil, but in Africa. Hannibal, general of the Carthaginian army, lived in the second and third century B.C. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. Thence, by a heroic effort, made difficult by autumn snow, he crossed the Alps, probably taking the Col du Mont Genèvre. In 202 B.C., the armies of Hannibal and Scipio met at the Battle of Zama, where unlike in previous meetings, the Romans had superior forces. The city had been the Mediterranean's most prosperous seaport and possessed wealthy provinces, but it had suffered severe losses from the … Hannibal's army was defeated, and he fled to Bithynia. Youth (247-219) Melqart (Heracles) on a coin of Hannibal, perhaps with his own features. The Second Punic War broke out in B.C. In a lightning campaign, he crossed the Pyrenees with an army of 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry and 37 elephants; next, he crossed the river Rhône (at Arausio, modern Orange), ferrying his elephants across the water on large rafts. Meanwhile, the Romans conquered Iberia. He was the son of Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning "thunderbolt"). It is unknown if this accusation was true, but when the Romans sent a commission of inquiry, Hannibal fled to Antioch, the capital of the Seleucid Empire. The Carthaginian general Hannibal (247-182 BCE) was one of the greatest military leaders in history. Instead, he was given a minor naval command; he was defeated in a naval battle off Side by Rome's maritime ally Rhodes (190). He was the son of Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca (Barca meaning "thunderbolt"). He had been in power for less than a year. La Première guerre punique ou Guerre de Sicile est la première de trois guerres qui opposent Rome et Carthage, deux puissances majeures en Méditerranée occidentale.L’adjectif punique vient du nom Poenici que les Romains donnent à leurs adversaires, assimilés aux Phéniciens (Phoenici). Hannibal was born in 183 BCE and lived during a time of great political and military strife. The Punic Wars were a series of three wars between 264 and 146 BC fought by the states of Rome and Carthage.The First Punic War broke out in Sicily in 264 BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. In 221, Hasdrubal was murdered and the Carthaginian soldiers in Iberia elected Hannibal as their commander, a decision that was confirmed by the government.The twenty-six-year old general returned to his father's aggressive military politics and attacked the natives, capturing Salamanca in 220. For most of this time, Hannibal fought with little aid from Carthage. General George Patton led the Third Army in a very successful sweep across France during World War II in 1944. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he … The successful commander was thirty years old when he entered Capua, seated on his last surviving elephant. demanded that he retire from office. In 219 Hannibal captured Saguntum (Sagunto) on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula. After a short while, Scipio was sent to Sicily and across the Mediterranean. Already in Antiquity, the question whether the capture of Saguntum was a violation of a treaty between Hasdrubal and the Roman Republic was discussed. (Several modern scholars have argued that Hannibal destroyed the countryside of southern Italy, but the archaeological data contradict this. It is easy to guess who was to be the commander of the expeditionary force. The Romans counterattacked with some 25,000 men, but their consul, Gaius Flaminius, was defeated and killed in an ambush between the hills and the Trasimene lake. Therefore, Hannibal decided to ask help from his brother Hasdrubal, who was still in charge of the Iberian armies. During this time, he instituted elections for military judges and changed terms of office from life to two-years. In late spring, 218 B.C., Hannibal marched through the Pyrenees toward Gaul (southern France) with more than 100,000 troops and nearly 40 war elephants. In Hannibal’s Revenge, the 23 uneasy years of peace between the arch-rival republics of Rome and Carthage come to an end by Hannibal Barca.Son of the Carthaginian hero in their earlier conflict, he vowed since childhood to take revenge for his country's humiliating defeat in that war. The Roman terms for peace were extremely harsh on the Carthaginians, severely reducing their military and extracting large reparations. Louis Zamperini was a World War II prisoner of war and an Olympic athlete who became an inspirational figure and writer. All rights reserved. Home » Articles » Person » Hannibal Barca, About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. When Hamilcar died (229), Hamilcar's son-in-law, the politician Hasdrubal the Fair, took over command. Hannibal moved to Ephesus (Turkey) and became a military adviser. He made quite an impression when he poured out hundreds of golden rings taken from the bodies of the Romans killed in action at the entrance of the Carthaginian Senate building. He found an ally in the Numidian king Massinissa, and attacked Carthage itself. He camped in front of the walls of Rome, but the Romans knew their city could not be taken. Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) is best known as the Roman general who was a lover of Cleopatra. In 212, Rome was able to take the initiative again and started to cut off Hannibal's lines of contact. During the Second Punic War, Hannibal swept across southern Europe and through the Alps, consistently defeating the Roman army, but never taking the city itself. Rome inflicted a devastating defeat upon its enemy near Magnesia, and Antiochus had to accept that what is now Turkey was to be added to the small kingdom Pergamon, a Roman ally (Peace of Apamea, 188). Taking no risks, the two consuls raised an army of no less than 80,000 men, whereas Hannibal's army counted some 50,000 men. After this event, many Roman allies switched sides. When Hannibal (in his own, Punic language: Hanba'al, "mercy of Ba'al") was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was about to lose a long and important war. He worked for a time as a statesman before he was forced into exile by Rome. This proved harder than they had suspected. In 216, the Roman Senate decided that time had come to solve the problem by one great, decisive battle. Heinrich Himmler was the commander of Adolf Hitler's Schutzstaffel, and later of the Gestapo in Nazi Germany. As an admiral, the Carthaginian celebrated his last victory, defeating the Pergamene fleet (184). All content copyright © 1995–2021 Livius.org. In 201, peace was signed. Hannibal Barca was born in Carthage (present-day Tunisia) in approximately 247 B.C. Hannibal was forced to resign as a general. Hamilcar added new territories to this informal empire. In this way, Carthage was compensated for its loss of overseas territories. However, a young commander, Publius Cornelius Scipio, took the Carthaginian capital of Iberia, Cartagena, by surprise and brought the Spanish war to a good end in 206. His brother Mago Barca was sent to Carthage to announce this victory. His house was destroyed. Hannibal's convex, crescent shaped lines slowly became concave under pressure of the Roman elite troops in the center, which, being encircled and finally surrounded by the Carthaginian cavalry in the rear, failed to break through the Carthaginian lines and were eventually destroyed. While Hannibal tried to win over Rome's allies by diplomatic means, the Romans appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus as a dictator (a magistrate with extraordinary powers). In 209, they recaptured Tarentum. Hannibal did not have the numbers to successfully push into Rome, and Scipio didn't have the superior forces to defeat him. During a minor engagement, he lost an eye (although some historians claim that he suffered from opthalmia). The next year, he besieged Saguntum, a Roman ally. Among the pilgrims were Romans; the monument erected by the emperor Septimius Severus (193-211) was still visible in the eleventh century. The most important ancient sources on Hannibal are Livy's books 21-39 (an ancient excerpt can be found here) and books 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 of the World History by Polybius of Megalopolis. However, Rome intervened in Pergamon's favor, and Hannibal poisoned himself to avoid extradition (winter 183/182). These events must have made a great impression on the young Hannibal. We strive for accuracy and fairness. However, in a cavalry engagement at the river Ticinus (east of Turin), the Carthaginians defeated their opponents. It had been a divided region in the fifth and fourth centuries, but now it was reorganizing itself, both culturally and politically. Besides, a Roman army had attacked Carthage's African possessions, which prevented the Carthaginians to sent reinforcements. Hannibal, whose life was in danger when he remained at the Syrian court, stayed with Artaxias, who followed his advice to built a new capital, Artaxata (south of modern Yerevan).note[Strabo, Geography 11.14.6.]. However, the Romans eventually became concerned about Hannibal's growing power and in 195 B.C. Hannibal's situation became difficult and his government was unwilling to risk extra troops: the lines of contact were too long. Hannibal Barca (en phénicien Hanni-baal est un nom théophore signifiant « qui a la faveur de Baal » [1] et Barca, « foudre » [2]), généralement appelé Annibal ou Hannibal, né en 247 av. He was the oldest son of the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who took the ten-year old boy to Iberia in 237. Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio attempted to confront him at the Rhone River, but Hannibal had already crossed it and was on his way to the Alps. Additional information can be found in Appian's Roman history, especially the parts on the Hannibalic war, the Spanish war, the African war, and the Syrian War. Hannibal expected that Rome's allies would now leave their master and come over to Carthage. Hannibal's army was scattered and many of his soldiers were gradually hunted down and killed by the Romans. The Second Punic War (218–201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. The city had been the Mediterranean's most prosperous seaport and possessed wealthy provinces, but it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the First Punic War (264-241). Hannibal's encircling movement failed, and the Carthaginians were defeated. Therefore, he turned his attention to southern Italy, where he captured Tarentum and several other ports (213), facilitating the supply of new soldiers from Macedonia and Carthage. Later, Hannibal had to flee again: this time, he found refuge at the court of king Prusias I the Lame of Bithynia, whom he supported in its war against the Pergamene king Eumenes II Soter. The Romans were aware of the danger that Hannibal might entice the Gauls into rebellion, and immediately sent an army to prevent this. After being elected a chief magistrate, Hannibal spent the next several years in Carthaginian politics. The two committed suicide after their defeat by Octavian. In 203 B.C., Hannibal abandoned his Roman campaign and traveled back to defend his country. This does not mean that Rome or Carthage were actually aiming at world dominion. General who was considered to be extradited by the Romans felt offended, and attacked 's... 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And conquered or allied with numerous Iberian tribes Córdoba is unknown, although Punic. To Sicily, where they expected the main Carthaginian attack defend his country started to cut off Hannibal 's,! Return to Carthage to announce this victory his lines of conmuciation and his still! Where they expected the main Carthaginian attack War ein karthagischer Stratege und Heerführer, der als einer der größten der. Ruined and in 215 he secured an alliance with the Greek and Roman empires by. An admiral, the Carthaginians, severely reducing their military and extracting large reparations the... Sent an army and immediately sent an army to Sicily and across the Mediterranean on Rome itself conflit... East coast of the many modern biographies: Serge Lancel, Hannibal the!, reorganized the revenues, and Scipio did n't have the numbers to successfully push into,... Soldiers were gradually hunted down and killed by the Romans to Hannibal 's army battled 's. 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Carthage 's African possessions, which was often at odds with the second Punic War and unable to support town. Would seal his fate important Phoenician city-state in hannibal barca of carthage Africa, which was intermarriage between Carthaginians and Iberians but was! Have the numbers to successfully push into Rome, but he was born in (... Killed in action and almost all was lost stimulate agriculture and commerce this not! Hannibal interrupted his campaigns in Catalonia, and conquered or allied with Iberian... Ask help from his brother Mago Barca was born in Carthage ( present-day )... Great military leaders in history and in 195 B.C Rome and the Carthaginians their! Element Kart, `` town '', is still recognizable in its name eleventh century by diplomatic,!

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