george rogers adelaide
School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. There was a prospect of carrying on to a PhD and of going overseas, and one of the major schools where I would have gone to work in this area of polypeptide hormones was in Sweden. Citrulline has turned out to be something more than I ever thought it would be. That was by luck rather than planning, I think, but we gained a lot from that kind of established group culture. But I remember that a postdoc we had from China at the time just couldn't understand what was going on. I was able to obtain about 100 rats and dissected some hundreds of follicles to get enough of the inner root sheath. As to hobbies, I'm a handyman – I keep things and maintain things – but I don't have any yearning to give up research. Well, Morton had wanted me to work on egg development, or embryonic development, and he said that the frog embryo might offer a good way to approach it. Jack Legge was one who was appointed; I found him an excellent lecturer. I was born in Prahran, a suburb of Melbourne, in 1927. I set up a program with two or three postdocs to isolate the bacterial genes, and then we had to couple those with a promoter which would act in the wall of the rumen so the sulphur, as it was flowing through into the blood supply, would be grabbed by this biochemical pathway and turned back into cysteine, to be swept into the blood supply. That is a heritage building on the campus of the university, and it's where the Biochemistry department began. I believe that the work my group did over so many years has been something which other groups in the area have drawn on. But I ventured into my first marriage and that necessitated getting a job again. I really never experienced any problems between students beyond one or two minor hiccups. Legge was great to be working with or alongside, but he didn't do much lab work at that time. George ROGERS, Honorary Research Fellow of University of Adelaide, Adelaide | Read 161 publications | Contact George ROGERS And you and I used a very nice light microscope, a Leitz microscope, which was the best microscope we had around the place before our electron microscope came along. [laugh] When I was seven, however, the family finances had improved enough for a private education and I was enrolled at Caulfield Grammar School. I feel very fortunate that the people who wanted to come and work with us, and were then appointed, matched together in personality extremely well. So we had the correlation here between filament organisation and curliness. Then it had to come to an end. He was referring to the first 'hormone', so-named by Bayliss and Starling, which they called secretin. (Barry Powell, in particular, had taken this on.) Because of the chemistry interest I had an ambition to be an industrial chemist. In the course of our studies we sequenced the genes for many of these. Robertson was a brilliant biochemist and was the first to manufacture insulin outside of Canada. In 1992 Rogers became an emeritus professor at the University of Adelaide and in 1995 he was asked to be the program manager of Premium Quality Wool CRC (1995–2000). Rivett was the first Executive of CSIR, which was set up by the Commonwealth government in 1926, and in 1928 he asked Robertson whether he would like to set up a division on sheep nutrition – he knew that, in addition to all the insulin work, Robertson had done a lot on animal growth and wool growth. He was educated at the University of Melbourne graduating with a BSc (1949) and MSc (1951). I enjoyed the chemistry, though, because Hartung, the professor at that time, was another excellent lecturer. But I got round that. I had a grant from the Australian Wool Corporation, as it was then, and also the Australian Research Council. But I left school earlier than originally intended, when I was still too young to excel in sport. He has been extremely successful in that and I'm glad it happened, but I wasn't so glad at the time, because I had to do a second stint as head. When I got back to Adelaide from study leave, our main thread of funding was for wool research so the mammalian keratin work was the main focus. The average George Rogers is around 80 years of age with around 47% falling in to the age group of 81+. So Robertson had two jobs: he ran the biochemistry department, and taught science and medical biochemistry, and he ran the Division of Sheep Nutrition. I wanted to have a look at the process, using gel electrophoresis and looking at the protein compositions of the products. South Australia 5000. But I would have to say that, because we were doing so many other projects, it was a very long passage to reach that end point! He worked so hard, that he contracted influenza and died at the age of 42. So that really wasn't an option, and we had to look for overexpression. I really enjoyed that, and I remember falling in love with my teacher. We still don't fully understand the physics of curliness, but the bilateral structure is sure to have some function. We didn't have an extended family; for me, it was just my parents and my sister. I thought that at that time of my life – I was about 26 – I should really do that in order to progress properly in academic research. I can go downstairs to do something there, and then come upstairs and do the rest, instead of having to cross campus or whatever. Floor/Room I took part in the sports, including gymnastics, which I liked, and football, boxing and some cricket – although I wasn't all that good at that. I thought it was fabulous, because it enabled one to learn full time and to socialise, and it was really quite a change in my life pattern. With his student Danielle Dhouailly – later a postdoc and, finally, a professor – he demonstrated the inductive power of the dermal component of the epidermal structure of skin. and SARDI decided that we could. He later became a partner in a car dealership. The master for that was very nice, but he had served in France in the First World War and told us stories about his experiences rather than teaching us the language. First, this work is very expensive; in addition, even genetic engineering in plants was having a difficult time being accepted but to have a genetically engineered sheep – harmless though that would be – was regarded as completely unacceptable to the public. Her father also died when she was an infant, so she too – with an older sister, Annie, and an older brother, George – was raised by her mother. People moved with me, and we were able to set up a big lab. As I talked to him I learned that he was developing the scanning microscope, the first one in the world, and I did a brief study with one of his students to look at hair and wool surfaces with this machine. It was the first time that this amino acid had been shown in a protein, but the arginine deiminase enzyme that we were able to find as well has led to an enormous amount of discovering of effects such as nerve degeneration by demyelination. On the other hand, of course, my career really began with all those events. george.rogers@ade l aide.edu.au: Telephone +61 8 8313 4624: Mobile +61 4 1498 6925: Location: Floor/Room 1 32 , Molecular Life Sciences, North Terrace I was so impressed by this example of his entrepreneurial spirit that I investigated what he'd done and wrote a biography of him. I was retired and I really didn't like facing up to such a move, with travel every day, nor did two of the people who were with me. He has been an invited speaker at scientific meetings in Europe, the United Kingdom and the USA, and has published over 170 papers and reviews and two books. We used to work five days a week from half past eight till something like six minutes past five, and also on Saturday until one o'clock. That was a fascinating experience for me. I'm not really strong on hobbies. Rogers also served as department head from 1988 to 1992. Yes, it was fun. But we stopped at various ports. Bill Elliott, the head of the department took up the whole idea and encouraged it, becoming part of the subsequent arrangement. 1916, Photograph, B 73676 Wasn't it in Cambridge that you came into contact with the very first scanning electron microscope? With some advice from you, the students and I put the thing together in 1968, 40 years ago, and after being used in teaching it is now a demonstration in the foyer of the molecular biosciences building. There are several tens of different genes, maybe 50, but the encoding DNA sequences differ only slightly. Join Facebook to connect with George Rogers and others you may know. Because I wasn't far off retirement myself, I had a kind of watching brief rather than being able to do anything very positive. We didn't bridge that gap; we were confined to working on sheep. Son of George Rogers. There had not been any substantiated identification of citrulline in proteins. One of the central things in wool growth is the availability of sulphur amino acids, cysteine in particular. A lot of excellent students joined our group and undertook that work, including Barry Powell, who was a PhD student of mine. When it acts on the arginines there is a radical change in charge, and the protein changes conformation. I really wasn't looking around to move, but I was rather lucky, I suppose. (Florey was visiting because he was then going to set up the ANU.). And now there's all sorts of citrulline transformations of proteins – or citrullination, as it's now called –a post-translational event. So, although I spent some time at the university, I spent most of my time in that lab, which was extremely fortunate. People left, grants were curtailed and so forth. You continued your work in the Commonwealth centre, I think. They have also lived in Redding, CA and Chico, CA. Talking about wool proteins reminds me that Ian O'Donnell, when he dissolved up a seagull feather or emu feather, found only one protein, whereas the work done in your laboratory on the chick feather found dozens of proteins. I think that all of this transgenic work in engineering animals, particularly sheep, will happen eventually if it can be shown to be economically of advantage to the producer, if desirable changes to wool or to the metabolism of the sheep can be made. But we had to restrict ourselves to overexpression. All figure content in this area was uploaded by George Rogers. I had thought about getting seal whiskers or something like that, but in the end I used rats. However, he was encouraged by the director of his laboratory to aim for a degree rather than a diploma and, after two years of study, gained admission to Melbourne University to study for a bachelor's degree in chemistry and biochemistry. Barry Powell and I published the major review in the field in the second half of the 1990s, when he was the senior scientist in my group. I was very interested in what was going on molecularly in this – and we still don't know. It was done by the old method of paper chromatography, and, lo and behold, there was a pattern of spots of amino acids distributed on this twodimensional chromatogram that were different in intensity from what you see if you hydrolyse keratin and separate its amino acids. As to research, I had the advantage of full-time research in those early years in CSIRO, which included collaboration with you, and that was a good experience. George Rogers in California 316 people named George Rogers found in Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose and 14 other cities. He was the Professor, having been appointed during the war, and he wanted to develop biochemistry at Melbourne in a major way. Because of the loss of staff, only four of us were left who could undertake the second- and thirdyear teaching, but we shared the load. I was working on sheep skin and wool, not directly on sheep. Audrey spent a lot of time working on TEM of bacteria in the Cosslett group. Of course, we were looking to do things that would be advantageous to the wool producer – to make finer wool or wool with different physical properties to overcome felting, say, and with improved dyeing properties. So there was a great unification of approach. And then the high-sulphur proteins start to be expressed, followed by the ones that are even richer in cysteine – the ultrahigh-sulphur proteins, as the protein chemists call them. Download Low Res Image. I wanted to develop my own ideas that I had initiated in Melbourne, and so I finally talked him round to look at the cellular and molecular events of hair growth, of wool growth. I was admitted as a matriculant, and my supervisor was Arthur Hughes, A F W Hughes, a distinguished embryologist and cell biologist. right to recover all costs incurred in the event of breach of this 162422014, citing West Terrace Cemetery, Adelaide, Adelaide City, South Australia, Australia ; … It was logical, then, to call it peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) because the arginine had to be blocked at both the amino and carboxyl ends. I will discuss that a little later. That was very interesting. I quite enjoyed that, because I felt I was doing something for the war effort and I was working with adults who had a similar desire – it was the mission of the unit to do work for the war effort – and also it involved chemistry. When I was in Melbourne, there were boats in which to go out into Port Phillip Bay, and later I was able to fish around the Adelaide environs. Not only did he have space there, but he had equipment which I didn't have access to in Sengel's department. There was some stress, because the university was undergoing lots of changes because of money shortage, and a reduction in ancillary staff, in particular, caused difficulties. I took a mix of chemistry and biochemistry, but I started off with the usual first-year subjects, including zoology and physics and chem. What was your main interest at that time? I continued on in a honorary capacity and we still maintained our lab, but we had to move it to a site which was run by SARDI, and we became beholden to SARDI. I did three years of chemistry as well as biochemistry, but by then I didn't want to become a full-time chemist and so I didn't take Chemistry IV. In 1946 there was a scheme to offer returned service men and women a university course if they wanted to take it, and they did. I've often heard of the Darling Building. How did the development of recombinant DNA technology affect your work? Immunisation, climate change and genetic modification, Frank Stillwell's Antarctic diaries 1911-13, A transition to university research into hormones, Applying electron microscopy to keratin fibres, A productive interest in the inner root sheath, Advances in technology and in fibre biochemistry, A Commonwealth centre for gene technology, Harnessing biochemistry for economic advantage, Fruitful contributions to teaching and research, A life underpinned by family and research. Then that strange spot was finally identified. 1 32 And in our various ways we slotted into doing that. I remember that a very nice man, a Mr Still, worked behind the counter and displayed quite a reasonable knowledge of chemistry. To digress for a moment: the construction of the Darling Building had been organised by the first Professor of Biochemistry, Thorburn Brailsford Robertson. I suspect that you benefited, as I did, from visiting Cambridge at a time when you could go to lectures by very famous scientists like Perutz, Kendrew, Sanger and Crick. This led to my early departure after completing only the Intermediate Certificate, when I had just turned 15. What about your retirement? He joined the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Adelaide in 1963 where he began as a reader (1963–77), before being promoted to professor (1978–92). This was only just post-war, and there was a tremendous boost to science coming out from, particularly, Britain and the USA because there had been an influx of refugees and others from Germany before the war and they'd made an impact on the science in those countries. I was able to show my protein chemistry colleagues that they were not right. I don't think I was any more than in the middle range as a lecturer, although in my day there was no compulsory feedback from students. Using these techniques it was a revelation to see the filament structure and the organisation in which the filaments are separated by a matrix. It is important to mention that PAD turns out to be an enzyme that causes proteins to denature. Also, we turned over to a semester system, which meant reorganising the system of teaching. And this would occur later than the arginyl-tRNA possibility, would it? Yes. Content may be subject to copyright. The other thing we used to do was to have Lumberjack Day in June each year, in the middle of winter. I remember that we had to leave our home and move temporarily to a friend's house. When the new methods of gene manipulation came into use in the early 1970s, he pioneered their application to the proteins of wool, hair and feathers. When he was still an infant his father died, and so he and his younger brother, Ernest, were raised by their mother. A matrix had always been suspected. When you look back over your academic studies and your research at the bench, what do you consider to be the greatest contributions you've made? THE Rogers Family is among the forty-nine "best families" selected by the American Historical-Genealogical Society for whom the Society has published family We knew that electron microscopy – TEM, as it's called now, transmission electron microscopy – with its new applications to biology in the 1950s, was essential for coordinating with your X-ray diffraction work, and there was also the protein chemistry going on. There was a flavour injected by the influx of service men and women: before the war universities had been a bit of a playground, but it became quite a serious matter to take your education there. It is funded from overseas – not a magnificent grant, but enough to keep the lab work going, with just my two hands. Sadly, quite a few of the older cadets were to lose their lives on active service. And the follicle is such a small structure that microscopy had to be an important part of it. I recall one episode when I was sorely disappointed at failing a physics exam at the end of term. That was how I came to collaborate with you, Bruce, in those early days, on wool and hair structure. We had then to develop an assay for looking for the enzyme and we had to have not only an assay but a substrate, which had to be a protein substrate. Over the ensuing years the protein chemistry lectures changed, of course, and I could introduce new findings. My younger daughter, in her early years, suffered from an illness, but she recovered from that and has done a BA at RMIT. That changes a little bit now because of mass spectrometry, but with gene cloning we gained a pretty good picture of the details of these sequences, their organisation and their chromosomal location. That's true. The wool fibre, like hair fibres generally, grows up out of a follicle, and it has a surround of another cellular layer called the inner root sheath. electronic format, is strictly prohibited. There were all sorts of lateral thinking as to what might be going on. Do you know if that's been solved? Fax: +61-8-8303-4262. She helped us with some of our questions and identified the expression of some of the proteins, using those techniques. George's parents emigrated to Australia from England in the 1920s and he was born in Melbourne in 1927. And I had rather severe childhood illnesses, such as measles, so the interest in chemistry occupied me during the time it took to recover. Anyway, we did this work together and it was quite successful. They are partly of my home. 1916, Photograph, B 73677 Studio portrait of George Edwin Rogers in his army uniform, together with his parents and two of his brothers - Walter (left) and Harvey (centre). After that my research benefited greatly in terms of gene discovery, in both mammalian and avian keratin systems. Some people today may not know what a long time that would take. The University of Adelaide The Commonwealth government decided to establish special centres for research. How did that come about? I still have photographs of two or three American colleagues in the field, and of Joe Rothnagel, who was a PhD student of mine and did a postdoc, and then went to the United States and stayed in Baylor [College of Medicine], in Houston, for nearly 10 years. She has surpassed me in teaching excellence. You graduated in 1949, didn't you, and shared the biochemistry prize. So we bought and used argininerich histones which are present in chromatin. There have been mutations between these members so that in total properties, in terms of protein isolation and characterisation, you can't separate them; they behave very much the same. george.rogers@adelaide.edu.au. She used to tell me how terrified she was by that. Portrait of Rogers family members. As time went on, however, I'm afraid we were unable to capture that, and a lot more work needs to be done. I can't remember now whether there was a restriction, but we felt that we couldn't go beyond four because there would be just too much dilution of the funding. It was pretty tough because there was no time to do much for relaxation, but I did play tennis on Saturday afternoons. They showed that the paracortex was inside of the curl of the wool fibre and the orthocortex was on the outside of it. But when the sheep eats the pasture, it takes the proteins into the rumen, where they are broken down by micro-organisms – and not only do these break the proteins down into amino acids; they start to demolish the amino acids, particularly cysteine. In any case, the University of Adelaide decided to open up the Roseworthy campus, which was actually near Turretfield where we'd been working with the biologists, some 60 kilometres out of Adelaide. Arginine has a so-called guanidino side chain, which is basic, whereas citrulline has an ureido, urea-type side chain, which is not basic but neutral. At times, I think, I felt rather guilty not to be working hard enough! But we were able to show it more precisely, and also we used some knowledge of the chemistry of the sulphur bond to reveal the organisation. On retirement at the mandatory age of 65 he was made Emeritus Professor by the University of Adelaide, but he was able to continue his research interests after 1962 as a visiting fellow in the faculties of science and agricultural science. View the profiles of people named George Rogers. When he was 15, he took a job as a laboratory assistant and enrolled for a diploma of chemistry at the Royal Melbourne Technical College. Genealogy profile for Alfred George Rogers. James Rogers 1841 Buffalo, Erie, ... Eileen Margaret Adelaide Rogers 1904 Footscray, Victoria, Australia - 1945 managed by Larina Harper. Also, I was doing chemistry and physics at school, and the masters in those subjects were excellent. Yes. Portrait of Rogers family members. When I had a small fishing craft I used to go out with neighbours or students and have some fun. When, finally, SARDI agreed to allow some of that funding to go to a collaboration, we started introducing genes into fertilised sheep ova, using all the reproductive biological techniques that were necessary then to reimplant an injected ovum with the new DNA and look at the sheep when it was finally born and grew up, after 150 days of gestation. Legge gave me a research topic outside his prime interest, which was in bacterial and animal cell metabolism, saying, 'Why don't you have a go at purifying this polypeptide hormone?' Abstract: Wool fibres are hairs and the term ‘wool’ is usually restricted to describe the fine curly hairs that constitute the fleece produced by sheep. Percy left school at the age of 14 and was thereafter largely self-educated. But I worked very hard and passed well at the end of the year, with prizes in English and chemistry. He would go to the abattoir, collect pancreases and put them into ice, but it was not cold enough to prevent the proteases in the pancreas from starting to digest the insulin before it could be extracted. Alan Hodge had worked with F O Schmitt, a leading structural biologist at Caltech, and so it was good to work alongside him: I became familiar with the preparative techniques as well as using a TEM. I suppose, looking back, that the best thing has been the multidisciplinary approach which you and I have each enjoyed in investigating the biology of keratins, and their physical and chemical properties, and keratinisation. I used the snout that has large whisker, vibrissae, follicles. 1916, Photograph, B 73677 Studio portrait of George Edwin Rogers in his army uniform, together with his parents and two of his brothers - Walter (left) and Harvey (centre). I believe that later, after returning to Australia, you worked for a while on amino acid sequences. George has 5 jobs listed on their profile. Yes, and I was awarded a scholarship to take an MSc degree as a precursor to a PhD, because there wasn't an honours course at that time. That is, an arginyl-tRNA could be converted to citrulline tRNA and that could be inserted on the same code as for arginine. George Rogers is a Director of SRG Partners and has over 15 years’ experience in the commercial sector. He did, yes. George Heidenreich Jeanne Houghtby John Krueger Cathy March Dave Sapper Jim Stepovich Richard Venancio Parish Council, Finance Council & From the Pastor 2 | Church of St Luke * 1980 Hillsdale Road * El Cajon * CA * 92019 From the Pastor Dear Parishioners, My mathematics was weak, and I'm always sorry about that. It meant that, initially, we could overexpress certain genes, be they keratin or anything else, and target them to a follicle. It is a gastrointestinal hormone. It is acted on by this enzyme and then just disperses and permeates as a matrix between filaments also present in the inner root sheath that belong to the same big family of intermediate filaments as are found in the keratin fibre. Phosphorylation is the major modification in post-translational changes in proteins, but citrullination is also one, and has been shown to occur with transcription factors in the nucleus. In particular, he looked at the molecular structure of hair keratins and investigated how to manipulate their properties through gene expression and regulation. I added to my chemistry laboratory over some years. In 1976 George was awarded a DSc by the University of Adelaide and also the Lemberg Medal of the Australian Biochemical Society. That was an exciting time: we were going to get our own Siemens electron microscope. So that was a full week. The remarkable thing in the TEM examination of the para- and orthocortex was the contrasting orientation of the filaments. I was appointed a research officer, and renewed an association with wool, keratins and so on that has remained with me for the rest of my life. In order to do that, I realised, after removing the follicle by plucking it out of the skin one could actually micro-dissect off the sheath – it would come away quite easily – under a dissecting microscope. That work is going quite well. Going to Gordon research conferences, for example, I was able to interact with people who were in the human field and talk about our sheep work, so there was an interweaving of findings. They were examples of people who had been working overseas and came back with the latest to give to us. It was decided by the powers that be that Animal Science should move from the Waite campus, which was devoted mainly to plants, and go out to Roseworthy. Sengel and his student had shown that, in simple terms, if you take embryonic chick skin and you dissect out the dermal part from the epidermal part of scales, feathers, beak, claw and implant the dermal component from one region under the epidermis from another region, the dermal tissue will induce the epidermal product belonging to where the dermis originally came from. It has been shown that the enzyme can work on the basic protein that is part of the myelin sheath and break it down. The Japanese workers showed that this enzyme was ubiquitous and it turns out that there is a whole family of PADs. ABSTRACT Ten years ago, Hardy (1992) wrote a timely review on the major features of hair follicle development and hair growth which she referred to as a secret life. And Syd Rubbo, Professor of Microbiology at Melbourne, had quite a lot of interaction with the lab. It has been refurbished a little bit, so it lights up with fluorescent tape.. [laugh]. She is a renal consultant and does clinical work but is mainly at the bench doing science – she's doing molecular work in transplantation for a PhD degree.She can speak French, plays the piano beautifully. In those days you didn't have cold rooms, you didn't have the low temperatures that you can get now with liquid nitrogen or even dry ice. School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia. 5001, Australia (Received. They had an RCA electron microscope that the late Lloyd Rees FAA had arranged to have shipped out from the USA to Melbourne just after the war. The chemistry of the events in the inner root sheath is entirely different from those in the fibre keratin because the matrix comes from trichohyalin but the morphological changes are similar, namely the formation of complexes of filaments and matrix. Yes. 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