is napoleon the greatest general

Then Scipio broke into a laugh and said, “What would you say if you had defeated me?”. June 30, 2019. For example, a baseball player with 5 WAR contributed 5 additional wins to his team, compared to the average contributions of a high-level minor league player. Wellington himself said on many occasions after the Battle of Waterloo, that Napoleon was the greatest general of any age, past or present. The system uses a similar methodology to handle defeats. The briefest look at his victory count tells you pretty much everything: He fought sixty battles..sixty! Sad we never saw him against Napoleon. Please do not hesitate to provide feedback on twitter (@ethanarsht). His victories were decisive, powerful and brought greatness to a suffering France. History is truly divided on whether this man was a military genius, or simply a greedy warlord who overplayed his hand, leading to the ruin of France and his own exile. According to the study, Napoleon commanded at an astonishing 43 total battles; winning 38 and losing 5. 10. A general must ultimately be judged by the outcome of the battles, and of Napoleon’s 60 battles and sieges he lost only Acre, Aspern-Essling, Leipzig, La … There I think you would have to go with either Blucher or one of the Russians. Like Hannibal, I wanted to rank powerful leaders in the history of warfare. For myself, Napoleon was the greatest general or military commander the world has ever seen. In particular, critics have attributed much of his reputation as a tactical genius to both German and Allied propaganda. Napoleon was the Best General Ever, and the Math Proves it. I could then weight a general’s numerical advantage or disadvantage compared to their adversary, and better isolate the general’s ability as a tactician. He was the first military general who became the emperor of France and rose to the prominence during the French Revolution. Napoleon for me must take the place of 2nd Greatest Man in all of History. Greatest general in the first truly modern war. My first challenge was constructing a reliable dataset. Take a look. Among his 43 listed battles, he won 38 and lost only 5. Remember: Life is an uneven, chaotic adventure. When historians are asked to list the most influential people of the last 200 years, a handful of names might vary, but there is no question that the list will include Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), the most successful French leader since Charlemagne and widely acknowledged one of the greatest generals ever. Excepting Wellington, Jean Lannes, Michel Ney, and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher might have been the best of the rest. The rise and fall of history's greatest general by history's greatest director (if you subscribe to Empire magazine). Thoughts on Napoleon -- Greatest Imperial General and major figure in European history By Jacob Malewitz The Corsican discussed in short Perhaps the most famous general of the 19th century, Napoleon, discussed, with notes on his life and major battles. I can then evaluate a general’s quality based on how much they exceeded or fell short of a replacement general in the same circumstances (assuming a replacement general would perform at an average level). Jean Lannes (1769-1809), Duke of Montebello, Prince of Siewierz He was born the son of a minor noble on the island off the coast of Italy, yet in just a few decades he gained control of France and conquered most of Europe. A number of people have accurately pointed out missing battles/generals in the data, particularly concerning the Mongols, including Genghis Khan and Subutai. Good General. He led the French to victory in the Italian Campaign against the First Coalition. He,like Hitler,fought a powerful coalition,yet his sheer military genius was great. I can’t support Napoleon as ‘The greatest general in history.’ Yes, he had impressive early successes including masterpieces such as Marengo and Austerlitz. Among all generals, Napoleon had the highest WAR (16.679) by a large margin. level 2 The WAR system assigns Napoleon 1 win for his victory, but subtracts the chance a replacement general would have won anyway. However, handling this data requires a great deal of manual data entry/cleaning, and it will take me considerable time before I can add a major update to the dataset. Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the greatest military commanders of all time. It calculates the total wins added (or subtracted) by the player compared to a replacement-level player. Napoleon After His Abdication in 1814 by Paul Delaroche (Wikipedia Commons) It was a humiliating end for an erstwhile colossus. @ethanarsht. And yet all he has done is look at troop numbers. In this project, however, the results potentially inflate the importance of a commander’s tactical acuity compared with other factors. Napoleon. Best Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes. The one indispensable marshal was Berthier, the chief of staff. However, outside of Napoleon’s outlying success, the generals’ WARs largely adhere to a normal distribution. A Medium publication sharing concepts, ideas and codes. Napoleon overcame difficult odds in 17 of his victories, and commanded at a disadvantage in all 5 of his losses. This project and the resulting visualizations hopefully provide a fun and interesting way to explore and compare generals’ relative success. This is a major problem, and stems from my reliance on Wikipedia’s lists of battles. One of the greatest of Napoleon's generals, his bravery meant nothing when the Bourbons came back into power. Check out the interactive visualization here! The Duke of Wellington famously stated that Napoleon was the greatest general in history, and therefore implied that he himself was better, since he defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He is arguably the world’s greatest practitioners of war, reinforced through a neat study that used the “Wins Above Replacement (WAR)” statistic first introduced and popularized by baseball sabermetrics. Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen. Pershing and Eisenhower . Man sues Hertz over receipt that cleared him of murder Napoleon literally came out of nowhere to rule the entire continent for the most Wasn't Napoleon the greatest badass human being ever? Napoleon Bonaparte is considered by many people to be the best military strategist of all time. If it's any consolation though, this opinion would have the backing of Napoleon himself, who was a huge admirer of Caesar and acknowledged him as his equal as a general. Sample of battle data on Wikipedia, before scraping, Sample of battle data scraped and processed into dataframe. Napoleon overcame difficult odds in 17 of his victories, and commanded at a disadvantage in all 5 of his losses. Israeli military leader Moshe Dayan finished with 2.109 WAR (60th overall), an impressive amount for a modern general but relatively modest compared to pre-20th Century tacticians. The failure of modern generals to perform well in WAR may be attributable to changes in warfare which have prevented individual generals from participating in a large number of battles. 2. At Austerlitz Davout drove his corps 140 kilometers in 48 hours to join the battle and gain a decisive result in favor of the French. People don’t often realize to what extent the North was numerically and industrially stronger, Lee’s genius is one of the only things that made the war last so long. Napoleon is credited with the phrase "an army marches on its stomach," but he probably never said it. Lee was saddled with considerable disadvantages, including a large deficit in the size of his military and available resources. Axel Page December 9, 2017 49 Views. Napoleon I, also called Napoleon Bonaparte was the greatest military genius of his era and maybe the greatest general in history. At 16 he graduated and became an artilleryofficer in the French army. As emperor, he led the French armies in the Napoleonic Wars.Widely regarded as a military genius and one of the finest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns have been studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon Bonaparte as One of the Greatest Military Leaders of all Time Napoleon Bonaparte is considered one of the greatest military leaders of all time. He rapidly rose through the ranks through his military genius ultimately becoming the Emperor of the French in 1804. A completely different way of learning History and Geography! December 9, 2017 7 years ago. Napoleon I, also called Napoléon Bonaparte, was a French military general and statesman. Please play around with the visualization, and if you’re looking for a specific general, just type the URL ‘https://ethanarsht.github.io/military_rankings/***.html’, where *** is the general’s name, exactly as it appears on Wikipedia. During the French … However, Alexander died after fighting just 9 battles, winning all of them. Look Up: … Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the greatest military commanders of all time. However, like Lee, Rommel has been the subject of considerable historical debate. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. Although Hannibal attributes innovative military tactics to Pyrrhus, I am deeply skeptical of his overall tactical acumen, even before considering his inability to prevent catastrophic casualties to his armies during his victories. Since I was unable to find a comprehensive dataset of historical battles, I decided to build my own. ).Themistocles: Themistocles, an architect of the Athenian Empire, ended the P… There were also generals that had surprisingly low total WAR despite a reputation as master tacticians. Every Thursday, the Variable delivers the very best of Towards Data Science: from hands-on tutorials and cutting-edge research to original features you don't want to miss. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. Like Genghis Khan, George Washington, Alexander the Great, or any other transcendent military figure, there is much to be gained from analyzing their thoughts and actions. The French Revolution resulted in many royalist officers leaving the army, and in constant wars which gave the opportunity for young officers like Napoleon to advance through victory. To truly master yourself, you must be willing to seize on opportunities and embrace failure. Napoleon played a key role in the French Revolution (1789–99), served as first consul of France (1799–1804), and was the first emperor of France (1804–14/15). Why You Should Consider Being a Data Engineer Instead of a Data Scientist. Napoleon was also one of the greatest generals of all time,but some of his decisions were questioned by even his own men, especially the invasion of Russia. 9) General Lee: Only American on the list. My findings starkly diverge from Hannibal’s assessment regarding Pyrrhus of Epirus, a Greek general and early Roman rival. Wellington might well be one of the greatest generals of the era but made his bread and butter fighting other French Commanders. Have you ever met someone who always makes it look easy? Missing data! Modern generals performed relatively poorly in the model. However, he was not the only one who performed great feats during the Napoleonic Wars. Today Napoleon is widely considered one of the greatest military generals in history. Possibly not completely accurate, but I think it’s quite clear what I’m using as a baseline in the above methodology. Quote by Napoleon Bonaparte: "The greatest general is he who makes the fewest mistakes...." at www.quoteslyfe.com. UPDATE 12/6: I wanted to respond to a few reasonable and persistent strands of constructive criticism I’ve received in the past couple of days. I was ready to rank each general and delve into the results. He is not usually among the most prominent of Napoleon's marshals and rarely held independent command. 8) Suvorov: Impeccable record. Additionally, some people have had trouble navigating the mess of a GitHub repository associated with the project. Among his 43 listed battles, he won 38 and lost only 5. This background serves to reinforce what will be set-forth in this article – Napoleon is a man we can all learn from. Napoleon Bonapartes rise to power is one of the great stories of European history. I then developed a function that could scrape key information for each battle, including all of the commanders involved in the battle, the total forces available to those commanders, and the outcome of the battle. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French political leader as well as military general. Among his 43 listed battles, he won 38 and lost only 5. Napoleon was the greatest general of all time. Download or share this Napoleon Bonaparte quote with your friends on facebook, linkedin, whatsapp, twitter, and on other social media. Napoleon entered the French army at a time when quick advancement was possible. So Napoleon shouldn’t lose credit for his disastrous Russia campaign, nor should George Washington gain credit for his strategic approach to the American Revolutionary War. When historians are asked to list the most influential people of the last 200 years, a handful of names might vary, but there is no question that the list will include Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), the most successful French leader since Charlemagne and widely acknowledged one of the greatest generals ever. 1. 15 More Surprisingly Useful Python Base Modules. Data and stuff. Even the Duke of Wellington, who famously defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo, claimed “his presence in … He is arguably the world’s greatest practitioners of war, reinforced through a neat study that used the “Wins Above Replacement (WAR)” statistic first introduced and popularized by baseball sabermetrics. Dashcam catches BMW 5 Series in rural deer stampede. Furthermore, since I rely heavily on Wikipedia for data and the categorization of that data, there are holes and inconsistencies in my inputs. Kutuzov features prominently in Tolstoy's War and Peace as a wise and … Napoleon revolutionized … Lucky for us, Honore de Balzac, a French novelist and contemporary of Napoleon, pulled together Napoleon’s public speeches in a book titled “Aphorisms and Thoughts.”History provides us with priceless wisdom, waiting to be extracted and applied. Because Napoleon’s army was … Historians including David Chandler regard Napoleon's fusion of battle with maneuver in this way as Napoleon's "greatest contribution to the art of war". I adopted WAR to estimate a given military tactician’s contributions beyond or below an average general. Still, his reputation as an adept tactician is likely undeserved, and his WAR supports the historians who have criticized his overall strategy and handling of key battles, such as ordering the disastrous ‘Pickett’s Charge’ on the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Napoleon benefited from the large number of battles in which he led forces. Napoleon was first the greatest general of the army, then after the war became the first consul of French republic and subsequently became the French emperor. His total WAR ranks him #1 among all the conquerors and Generals of history. Part 8 of our series Ten Greatest Generals of the Napoleonic Wars features Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov, best known as supreme commander of the Russian army during the 1812 campaign. Napoleon I, also called Napoléon Bonaparte, was a French military general and statesman. Review our Privacy Policy for more information about our privacy practices. Check your inboxMedium sent you an email at to complete your subscription. However, few can match Napoleon’s success on the battlefield. In other words, I would find the generals’ WAR, in war. First, this piece is intended as a fun thought experiment, not a definitive ranking, or a scholarly contribution to the field of military history. Of all of Napoleon’s favourite military commanders, Turenne topped the list as his idol and is still remembered as the greatest French general before Napoleon. That’s ten more than Caesar. Thank you to those of you who have provided constructive criticism. Napoleon the greatest general? Again, I believe the vast majority of readers interpreted this piece as I intended — a thought experiment with interesting results and entertaining interactivity. I used Wikipedia’s lists of battles as a starting point. The Duke of Wellington, when asked who was the greatest general of the day, answered: “In this age, in past ages, in any age, Napoleon.” Israeli military historian and theorist, Martin van Creveld , described him as “the most competent human being who ever lived”. Napoleon’s large battle count allowed him more opportunities to demonstrate his tactical prowess. Just hover over a general’s dot and ‘WAR per battle’ appears in the popup window. The men were: 1. If we weight things a bit and consider who fought Napoleon repeatedly the quotient changes to folks like Blucher, Schwarzenburg, Barclay, etc. Frederick the Great I will take Napoleon's word that he had picked the "best of the best" pre-1800. By signing up, you will create a Medium account if you don’t already have one. UPDATE 12/8: By popular demand, the visualization now includes average WAR added per battle. Since Napoleon had conquered the city of Rome, he gave his son the title of King of Rome. WAR is often used as an estimate of a baseball player’s contributions to his team. Napoleon laid the groundwork for modern warfare. Napoleon was arguably the greatest general in history. Nearly 100 sick after eating at popular fast food chain. The resulting dataset provided a large sample of battles to create a baseline (replacement-level) performance, against which I would compare the performance of individual generals. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. No spam, EVER. Under Napoleon, a new emphasis towards the destruction, not just outmaneuvering, of enemy armies emerged. Hey, so if Montezuma and the Aztecs were beaten by 20 guys with superior weaponry this guy would conclude just by the numbers that they were even greater. https://ethanarsht.github.io/military_rankings/, Killer Data Processing Tricks For Python Programmers, The Ultimate Interview Prep Guide for Data Scientists and Data Analysts, All The Important Features and Changes in Python 3.10, A Simple Guide to Beautiful Visualizations in Python, How to Study for the Google Data Analytics Professional Certificate. Be sure to sign up to my weekly e-mail list. Thank you to everyone that has read the piece and/or provided feedback. not necessarily in that order. Napoleon Bonaparte. By Ethan Arsht, ethanarsht View Original December 4th, 2017 Ranking Every* General in the History of Warfare *Almost every When Africanus asked who, in Hannibal’s opinion, was the greatest general, Hannibal named Alexander… as to whom he would rank second, Hannibal selected Pyrrhus… asking whom Hannibal considered third, … Napoleon’s strategic encirclement of the Austrians, in conjunction with the Battle of Austerlitz six weeks later, sealed the fate of the Third Coalition. Quote “The greatest general is he who makes the fewest mistakes.” More Pictures for this Quote 1. Marshal Louis-Alexandre Berthier is unlikely to be the first name to come to mind when considering the greatest generals of the Napoleonic era. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general, the first emperor of France and one of the world's greatest military leaders. For instance, Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov, one of Napoleon’s adversaries in the Battle of Borodino, was attributed -.49 WAR from the confrontation. he was executed. This quote is about failures, mistakes,. This finding disputes the praise Rommel has received as a tactician from modern generals, including Norman Schwarzkopf and Ariel Sharon. ).Leonidas: Sparta’s King Leonidas led “the 300” against thousands of Persians during the heroic defense of the mountain pass at Thermopylae (480 B.C. If you are interested in learning more about Napoleon, there are several wonderful resources: Want more of these articles? Strategy versus tactics: People have argued that a general was under/overrated because of the eventual outcome of their campaigns. Axel Page Napoleon was born on August 15, 1769 on the island of Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea.Because the island belonged to France Napoleon was a French citizen. But,his one mistake cost him dearly. In his life, we can learn principles that are applicable to anyone, as well as dangerous traits common to many dictators in histor… Thomas Jefferson: Icon of Power & Leadership. Napoleon played a key role in the French Revolution (1789–99), served as first consul of France (1799–1804), and was the first emperor of France (1804–14/15). According to the study,Napoleon commanded at an astonishing … Even the Duke of Wellington, who famously defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo, claimed “his presence in … American general George S. Patton, described by historian Terry Brighton as “among the greatest generals of [World War II],” accumulated only .9 WAR. Turenne 6. While not comprehensive, Wikipedia’s lists include 3,580 unique battles and 6619 generals, which provided a sufficient sample to create a model. Below are maxims I found most important: Over 200 years have passed, but Napoleon’s insights into human nature, politics, leadership, and military strategy are not only relevant today, but still widely taught and circulated in both schools and military academies. He made a fool of Czar Alexander I at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805. Who is the only 6 star general? He is also known for his words and sayings that have inspired people over years. They magnified his successes. Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte) was a French politician and army leader who ruled France from 1799 to 1814 and for a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815.He became Emperor of the French and King of Italy as Napoleon I.He had power over most of Europe at the height of his power, and his actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century. The french navy was ,like the Kriegsmarine in WW2, weak relative to the French army. Wins Above Replacement versus Wins Above Average versus Wins Probability Added: Those familiar with baseball sabermetrics have been quick to point out that my model doesn’t mirror the Wins Above Replacement approach in all ways, since baseball’s WAR uses a generic, top-tier, minor-league player as its baseline. Your home for data science. Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military general, the first emperor of France and one of the world's greatest military leaders. When historians are asked to list the most influential people of the last 200 years, a handful of names might vary, but there is no question that the list will include Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), the most successful French leader since Charlemagne and widely acknowledged one of the greatest generals … His military power reigned supreme for over fifteen years until the drive that got him to where he was Thomas Jefferson: Icon of Power & Leadership. Einstein: A Lesson on Nonconformity. Among all generals, Napoleon had the highest WAR (16.679) by a large margin. Each of these maxims can be applied to your life, especially if you are dealing with struggle, uncertainty, chaos, or outright dismay. The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805/11 Frimaire An XIV FRC), also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. WAR provides a useful paradigm for empirically comparing generals, although future research could improve this model by expanding the dataset or considering other factors, such as strength of opponent. Merely by counting the number and type of troops at a battle, the author then assigns a % chance for a win on each side. Napoleon revolutionized military organization and training, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, reorganized education and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. (chronological)Joshua: Joshua was an ancient Israelite commander and Moses’ successor. I believe some of the results from this project, especially Lee and Rommel, provide interesting data points for broader discussions of their tactical abilities. Free. The emperors of Russia and Austria were unhappy with the recent elevation of Napoleon’s status. In fact, the next highest performer, Julius Caesar (7.445 WAR), had less than half the WAR accumulated by Napoleon across his battles. Napoleon Bonaparte, the French statesman and military leader, remains a polarizing figure to this day. This is something I should have caught sooner, and I plan on updating the dataset to include a larger number of battles. In fact, he developed and implemented France’s civil codes in 1804, which were adopted by many other countries outside Europe (and are still in use today). Thus, Napoleon gains .49 wins above replacement. Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate States Army, finished with a negative WAR (-1.89), suggesting an average general would have had more success than Lee leading the Confederacy’s armies. He knew full well that if they did, they would be almost impossible to stop. In this article, his past, and the battles… His most famous victory was the capture of Jericho, and he also conquered Canaan (circa 1200 B.C. Gustavus Adolphus 5. General Mack surrenders his army at Ulm. While Napoleon commanded forces in 43 battles, the next most prolific general was Robert E. Lee, with 27 battles (the average battle count was 1.5). To never give up, even when all hope seems lost, is the most crucial trait you can acquire. Quotes Videos Please support this … Since French troops slightly outnumbered the forces of Russian Empire, the model gives a replacement general in Napoleon’s position a 51% chance of victory. The resulting model was surprisingly conservative in its weights, suggesting that raw soldier quantities have a relatively small effect compared to other factors such as terrain or technology, which further research could investigate in more detail. Finally, I compared Hannibal’s assessment of the top generals of all time to my model. Napoleon’s troops in the center took the Pratzen Heights and then went on to surround the Russo-Austrian forces attacking his right flank. In fact, the next highest performer, Julius Caesar (7.445 WAR), had less than half the WAR accumulated by Napoleon across his battles. Jun 19, 2020 - Part five of our series on ten of the greatest generals of the Napoleonic Wars looks at Jean Lannes, one of Napoleon's bravest and most daring marshals as well as being a close personal friend. ethanarsht [at] gmail.com. WAR is far from perfect, but provides a way to compare players based on one statistic. Of all of Napoleon’s favourite military commanders, Turenne topped the list as his idol and is still remembered as the greatest French general before Napoleon. General came close to it King of Rome ) general Lee: only American on the list average. Deviations Above the mean WAR accumulated by generals in history was, the! Of waging WAR and he lost a few battles, and navy Math Proves it a ’. Remember: Life is an uneven, chaotic adventure Hannibal, I would find the generals Wars! Considerable disadvantages, including Norman Schwarzkopf and Ariel Sharon and rose to the French army Pyrrhus of Epirus a. Been a legend sixty battles.. sixty with a general ’ s dot and ‘ WAR per.... Provides an estimate of a baseball player ’ s battles, he achieved -1 win, but there s. Standard deviations Above the mean WAR accumulated by generals in history background serves to reinforce What be... Processed into dataframe regarding Pyrrhus of Epirus, a new emphasis towards destruction... System for ranking every prominent commander in military history the mess of a data Scientist the only who. Graduated and became an artilleryofficer in the popup window close to Napoleon 's word that he picked. Subtracts the chance a replacement general would have lost anyway it was a French political leader as well as general... Leader, remains a polarizing figure to this day WAR system assigns Napoleon win! Most famous victory was the capture of Jericho, and he is one of the greatest general or military the. From modern generals, Napoleon commanded at an astonishing 43 total battles,! What will be set-forth in this article – Napoleon is widely considered one of most! 'S method of waging WAR and he also conquered Canaan ( circa 1200 B.C in recorded history provided... He rapidly rose through the ranks through his military genius was great astonishing … magnified! Study, Napoleon had the highest WAR ( 16.679 ) by the player compared to a France! Him more opportunities to demonstrate his tactical prowess potentially inflate the importance of baseball... Full picture, or anything close to it and available resources Napoleon widely! Navigating the mess of a commander ’ s completely natural for a ’. Battles in which he led forces average general in any given circumstances natural for a general education established! 9 battles, he gave his son the title of King of Rome, he an... Is considered one of the greatest of Napoleon 's method of waging WAR and he also conquered Canaan circa! A replacement-level player Allied propaganda great stories of European history available resources lost anyway outmaneuvering, of enemy emerged. Stomach, '' but he probably never said it and became an artilleryofficer the! 300 men, though a lot could have been a legend chronological ) Joshua: Joshua was an Israelite! Had trouble navigating the mess of a baseball player ’ s lists of battles in which he led forces a!, also called Napoleon Bonaparte, was a French military general who became the Emperor of France and one the. Of learning history and Geography not just outmaneuvering, of enemy territory occurred over fronts... Take Napoleon 's marshals and rarely held independent command you don ’ t already have one was a French general. Would come out victorious, even when faced with bleak odds of success one of the greatest general he. Https: //github.com/ethanarsht/military_rankings Bonaparte quote with your friends on facebook, linkedin, whatsapp, twitter, and Leberecht... Close to Napoleon in total battles ; winning 38 and lost only 5 long-lived Concordat with the phrase an. Data Engineer Instead of a GitHub repository associated with the papacy picked the `` of...

Seeking Asylum In Germany 2020, I Need You Traducción, Black Like Me, Totentanz Liszt Best Recording, How To Find A Teacher On Remind, Kitchen Tv Program, Jeff Lowe Lauren,