The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological toolNew occurrence of Youngest Toba Tuff in abyssal sediments of the Central Indian BasinThe Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the Northern Indian OceanNew geochemical evidence for the Youngest Toba Tuff in IndiaAerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptionsLate Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humansVolcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash.
Landsat image of Lake Toba. designed the analytical procedure; C.S.L. The eruption led to the final formation of one of earths largest calderas, the 35x100 km wide Toba caldera.
The small cone of Some parts of the caldera have shown uplift due to partial refilling of the Most of the people who live around Lake Toba are ethnically Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background In contrast, the Batang Toru and Renun Rivers are and flow along the fault. Im antarktischen Eis wurde das jedoch nicht beobachtet. Toba's eruption roughly 74,000 years ago was so immense it was deemed a "supervolcano." The YTT in Lake Malawi is not accompanied by a major change in sediment composition or evidence for substantial temperature change, implying that the eruption did not significantly impact the climate of East Africa and was not the cause of a human genetic bottleneck at that time.The injection of ash and aerosols into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger complex climatic feedbacks, often promoting surface cooling (An exceptional sulfate spike in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core record, of 6 y duration, has been correlated to the YTT (Evidence for approximately contemporaneous global cooling in sediments that do contain YTT glass shards has been found in marine core oxygen isotope records from the South China Sea (Here we report an observation of the YTT in Africa, recovered as a cryptotephra layer in sediments cored from Lake Malawi >7,000 km west of the source volcano in Sumatra. The critical mass of the molten magmas and volatiles in the upper crust has most likely not yet been achieved and the next supereruption may be expected only in some dozens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years.
Their analysis discovered that a thin layer of ash in this sediment about 90 feet (27 m) below the lake floor was from the last of the Toba eruptions, known as Youngest Toba Tuff. But this lake is actually an enormous caldera, a footprint of the most extreme climatic event in human history. A model has shown how a large magma reservoir … The island in the center of the lake is formed by a The exact year of the eruption is unknown, but the pattern of ash deposits suggests that it occurred during the northern summer because only the Since the major eruption ~70,000 years ago, eruptions of smaller magnitude have also occurred at Toba. Insights from genetics, prehistoric archaeology, pollen analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, geomorphology, ice cores, and climate modelsPotential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ∼71,000 years agoAstronomically calibrated 40Ar/39Ar age for the Toba supereruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary recordsDirect linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 kyr BP)Comment on “Environmental impact of the 73ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia” by Williams, MAJ, Ambrose, SH, van der Kaars, S, Ruehlemann, C, Chattopadhyaya, U, Pal J, Chauhan, PR (2009) [Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 284:295-314]Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene homininsThe southern route ''Out of Africa''. Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall If and when it will erupt again is not well understood, however.The team tracked the magma down to a depth of 150km. While it appears quiet, the volcano's "magma-generating engine continues to be active", they said.Toba is a supervolcano that sits towards the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Toba, Sumatra, 75,000 y ago, which produced voluminous ash deposits found across much of the Indian Ocean, Indian Peninsula, and South China Sea. The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island : „If modern humans survived there relatively unscathed, African populations would likely have fared even better.“ Michael Balter: Chad L. Yost, Lily J. Jackson, Jeffery R. Stone, Andrew S. Cohen: performed research; and C.S.L., B.T.C., and T.C.J. At this level, huge amounts of atmospheric chemical elements, known as volatiles, are generated at the subducting plates.These then move up and melt, accumulating at the base of the crust and creating a magma reservoir of around 50,000km3, at a depth of around 75km. Its odd elongate shape is a result of the interactions between the magma chamber and the shearing forces of the Sumatran Fault along the west that has stretched it out. Lake Toba is a large natural lake in Sumatra, Indonesia occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. Robock, C. M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, G. Stenchikov: Frederick J. Gathorne-Hardy und William E. H. Harcourt-Smith: „We provide here firm chronological evidence that hominins were present in the Jurreru River valley, south India, immediately before and after the YTT [Youngest Toba Tuff eruption, which occurred in Indonesia 74,000 years ago] eruption.“ Michael Petraglia et al.
The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological toolNew occurrence of Youngest Toba Tuff in abyssal sediments of the Central Indian BasinThe Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the Northern Indian OceanNew geochemical evidence for the Youngest Toba Tuff in IndiaAerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptionsLate Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humansVolcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash.
Landsat image of Lake Toba. designed the analytical procedure; C.S.L. The eruption led to the final formation of one of earths largest calderas, the 35x100 km wide Toba caldera.
The small cone of Some parts of the caldera have shown uplift due to partial refilling of the Most of the people who live around Lake Toba are ethnically Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background In contrast, the Batang Toru and Renun Rivers are and flow along the fault. Im antarktischen Eis wurde das jedoch nicht beobachtet. Toba's eruption roughly 74,000 years ago was so immense it was deemed a "supervolcano." The YTT in Lake Malawi is not accompanied by a major change in sediment composition or evidence for substantial temperature change, implying that the eruption did not significantly impact the climate of East Africa and was not the cause of a human genetic bottleneck at that time.The injection of ash and aerosols into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger complex climatic feedbacks, often promoting surface cooling (An exceptional sulfate spike in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core record, of 6 y duration, has been correlated to the YTT (Evidence for approximately contemporaneous global cooling in sediments that do contain YTT glass shards has been found in marine core oxygen isotope records from the South China Sea (Here we report an observation of the YTT in Africa, recovered as a cryptotephra layer in sediments cored from Lake Malawi >7,000 km west of the source volcano in Sumatra. The critical mass of the molten magmas and volatiles in the upper crust has most likely not yet been achieved and the next supereruption may be expected only in some dozens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years.
Their analysis discovered that a thin layer of ash in this sediment about 90 feet (27 m) below the lake floor was from the last of the Toba eruptions, known as Youngest Toba Tuff. But this lake is actually an enormous caldera, a footprint of the most extreme climatic event in human history. A model has shown how a large magma reservoir … The island in the center of the lake is formed by a The exact year of the eruption is unknown, but the pattern of ash deposits suggests that it occurred during the northern summer because only the Since the major eruption ~70,000 years ago, eruptions of smaller magnitude have also occurred at Toba. Insights from genetics, prehistoric archaeology, pollen analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, geomorphology, ice cores, and climate modelsPotential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ∼71,000 years agoAstronomically calibrated 40Ar/39Ar age for the Toba supereruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary recordsDirect linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 kyr BP)Comment on “Environmental impact of the 73ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia” by Williams, MAJ, Ambrose, SH, van der Kaars, S, Ruehlemann, C, Chattopadhyaya, U, Pal J, Chauhan, PR (2009) [Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 284:295-314]Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene homininsThe southern route ''Out of Africa''. Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall If and when it will erupt again is not well understood, however.The team tracked the magma down to a depth of 150km. While it appears quiet, the volcano's "magma-generating engine continues to be active", they said.Toba is a supervolcano that sits towards the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Toba, Sumatra, 75,000 y ago, which produced voluminous ash deposits found across much of the Indian Ocean, Indian Peninsula, and South China Sea. The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island : „If modern humans survived there relatively unscathed, African populations would likely have fared even better.“ Michael Balter: Chad L. Yost, Lily J. Jackson, Jeffery R. Stone, Andrew S. Cohen: performed research; and C.S.L., B.T.C., and T.C.J. At this level, huge amounts of atmospheric chemical elements, known as volatiles, are generated at the subducting plates.These then move up and melt, accumulating at the base of the crust and creating a magma reservoir of around 50,000km3, at a depth of around 75km. Its odd elongate shape is a result of the interactions between the magma chamber and the shearing forces of the Sumatran Fault along the west that has stretched it out. Lake Toba is a large natural lake in Sumatra, Indonesia occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. Robock, C. M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, G. Stenchikov: Frederick J. Gathorne-Hardy und William E. H. Harcourt-Smith: „We provide here firm chronological evidence that hominins were present in the Jurreru River valley, south India, immediately before and after the YTT [Youngest Toba Tuff eruption, which occurred in Indonesia 74,000 years ago] eruption.“ Michael Petraglia et al.
The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: An example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological toolNew occurrence of Youngest Toba Tuff in abyssal sediments of the Central Indian BasinThe Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotopic stage 5 to 4 transition in the Northern Indian OceanNew geochemical evidence for the Youngest Toba Tuff in IndiaAerosol size confines climate response to volcanic super-eruptionsLate Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humansVolcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash.
Landsat image of Lake Toba. designed the analytical procedure; C.S.L. The eruption led to the final formation of one of earths largest calderas, the 35x100 km wide Toba caldera.
The small cone of Some parts of the caldera have shown uplift due to partial refilling of the Most of the people who live around Lake Toba are ethnically Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background In contrast, the Batang Toru and Renun Rivers are and flow along the fault. Im antarktischen Eis wurde das jedoch nicht beobachtet. Toba's eruption roughly 74,000 years ago was so immense it was deemed a "supervolcano." The YTT in Lake Malawi is not accompanied by a major change in sediment composition or evidence for substantial temperature change, implying that the eruption did not significantly impact the climate of East Africa and was not the cause of a human genetic bottleneck at that time.The injection of ash and aerosols into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions can trigger complex climatic feedbacks, often promoting surface cooling (An exceptional sulfate spike in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) ice core record, of 6 y duration, has been correlated to the YTT (Evidence for approximately contemporaneous global cooling in sediments that do contain YTT glass shards has been found in marine core oxygen isotope records from the South China Sea (Here we report an observation of the YTT in Africa, recovered as a cryptotephra layer in sediments cored from Lake Malawi >7,000 km west of the source volcano in Sumatra. The critical mass of the molten magmas and volatiles in the upper crust has most likely not yet been achieved and the next supereruption may be expected only in some dozens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years.
Their analysis discovered that a thin layer of ash in this sediment about 90 feet (27 m) below the lake floor was from the last of the Toba eruptions, known as Youngest Toba Tuff. But this lake is actually an enormous caldera, a footprint of the most extreme climatic event in human history. A model has shown how a large magma reservoir … The island in the center of the lake is formed by a The exact year of the eruption is unknown, but the pattern of ash deposits suggests that it occurred during the northern summer because only the Since the major eruption ~70,000 years ago, eruptions of smaller magnitude have also occurred at Toba. Insights from genetics, prehistoric archaeology, pollen analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, geomorphology, ice cores, and climate modelsPotential atmospheric impact of the Toba mega-eruption ∼71,000 years agoAstronomically calibrated 40Ar/39Ar age for the Toba supereruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary recordsDirect linking of Greenland and Antarctic ice cores at the Toba eruption (74 kyr BP)Comment on “Environmental impact of the 73ka Toba super-eruption in South Asia” by Williams, MAJ, Ambrose, SH, van der Kaars, S, Ruehlemann, C, Chattopadhyaya, U, Pal J, Chauhan, PR (2009) [Paleogeogr Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 284:295-314]Culture, population structure, and low genetic diversity in Pleistocene homininsThe southern route ''Out of Africa''. Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall If and when it will erupt again is not well understood, however.The team tracked the magma down to a depth of 150km. While it appears quiet, the volcano's "magma-generating engine continues to be active", they said.Toba is a supervolcano that sits towards the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Toba, Sumatra, 75,000 y ago, which produced voluminous ash deposits found across much of the Indian Ocean, Indian Peninsula, and South China Sea. The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island : „If modern humans survived there relatively unscathed, African populations would likely have fared even better.“ Michael Balter: Chad L. Yost, Lily J. Jackson, Jeffery R. Stone, Andrew S. Cohen: performed research; and C.S.L., B.T.C., and T.C.J. At this level, huge amounts of atmospheric chemical elements, known as volatiles, are generated at the subducting plates.These then move up and melt, accumulating at the base of the crust and creating a magma reservoir of around 50,000km3, at a depth of around 75km. Its odd elongate shape is a result of the interactions between the magma chamber and the shearing forces of the Sumatran Fault along the west that has stretched it out. Lake Toba is a large natural lake in Sumatra, Indonesia occupying the caldera of a supervolcano. Robock, C. M. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, G. Stenchikov: Frederick J. Gathorne-Hardy und William E. H. Harcourt-Smith: „We provide here firm chronological evidence that hominins were present in the Jurreru River valley, south India, immediately before and after the YTT [Youngest Toba Tuff eruption, which occurred in Indonesia 74,000 years ago] eruption.“ Michael Petraglia et al.
