1931 China floods
“Fangxun xianduan longwangmiao. Lillian Li’s The 1931 flood produced a vast range of Chinese and English language source material. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. But can you imagine why living next to a river could be a problem?
The flooding itself lasted for months, from June through at least October, depending on the specific place, and of course the destruction and consequences lasted much longer than that. These cookies do not store any personal information.Performance cookies are key in allowing web site screens and content to load quickly on all types of devices.Preference cookies are used to store user preferences to provide them with content that is customized accordingly.
The Gaoyou region, about 125 miles northwest of Shanghai, was full of features intended to manage water for farming and transportation. “Analysis of Historical Floods on the Yangtze River, China: Characteristics and Explanations.” Jiang Tong, Zhang Qiang, Zhu Deming, and Wu Yijin.
The One unfortunate consequence of the flood was the inundation of printing presses. “Reconstruction of El Niño Chronology for the Last 600 Years.” Will, Pierre-Étienne. As the storm moved northwest, raising whitecaps on the lakes of Jiangsu, high winds, heavy rains, and wave action stirred the colossal volume of water that had been building for months. “Climate Changes and Flood/Drought Risk in the Yangtze Delta, China, During the Past Millennium.”
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The overwhelming volume of the 1931 rains and snowmelt would have caused flooding even without a human presence, but the constrained and domesticated natural networks stood no chance against the inundation, and in many cases made it worse.Many of the lakes, rivers, and canals in the Yangtze basin had by the 20th century become “suspended”: levees built to prevent flooding enable silt to raise the bottom of a lake or river. “Transformation of the Water Regime: State, Society and Ecology of the Jianghan Plain in Late Imperial and Modern China.” Unpublished Thesis. Elswhere the report states: “Nearly two million were drowned or killed for lack of food.” The second figure is that of 422,499 total fatalities. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent.
The 1931 flood was included in an influential study conducted by a team of historians entitled Outside China, the flood has received relatively little attention.
The temple to the Dragon King had been protecting Wuhan (or the three cities that comprised the metropolis) since at least the 1730s.But the Dragon King was not there to ward off the floodwaters in 1931: the government had torn down the temple a year earlier, part of a campaign against superstition. If the levee breaks, the entire volume of the suspended lake seeks its level by claiming the entire surrounding plain. Under favourable meteorological and political conditions the human management of river systems gave rise to a thriving agricultural economy and stable society.Throughout the second millennium CE, the Middle Yangzi province of Hubei witnessed a repetitive pattern of growth and collapse, described by Pierre-Étienne Will as a “hydraulic cycle.”Source: The Report of the National Flood Relief Commission
“The Trend and Fluctuation of Historical Floods in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River.” Xu Mingting. Fifty million people were affected when all three of China’s greatest rivers combined in a flood of biblical proportions between July and October 1931. In fact, the mortality rate in relief camps was much higher than that found in rural communities.The effect of the US wheat loan was also somewhat more ambiguous than was recognised in official reports.
Across the disaster zone an estimated 40% of the affected population were forced to leave their homes.
The huge transhipment of foreign grain was described at the time as an act of charity, yet the terms of the loan strongly favoured the Americans, who had long been seeking a means of offloading an economically damaging wheat surplus. Across the flood zone an average of 40% became refugees. The winter of 1930-1931 had been particularly harsh, leaving large deposits of snow and ice in the upper catchments of rivers. The Yangtze is not only one of the earth’s longest rivers, it is a site of tremendous biodiversity.
Having occupied alluvial and lacustrian plains, agriculturalists exacerbated the natural risk of inundation by transforming the landscape.
Widespread population displacement and the destruction of sanitation systems provided perfect conditions for a number of pathogenic microbes. It is impossible to provide an accurate estimate for the death toll caused by the 1931 Yangzi-Huai Flood. The two figures cited most commonly are both problematic. Marshes helped absorb floodwaters in the past, but over time they were eliminated in favor of more “productive” uses for land. It makes sense; rivers provide fresh water for drinking, fish for food, irrigation for farming, and natural protection from attack. The highest proportion could be found in South Anhui, where 61% of the population were displaced by floodwater.Duration: 1 year.
Both the canal and Gaoyou’s artificial lake were suspended several meters above the surrounding plain, as was the even larger Hongze Lake a few miles away.To the flooding that had begun in June and the precarious state of the hydraulic infrastructure was now added a final disastrous piece.
suggest that the true figure may have been closer to 53 million.
Mortality: 2 Million. This was actually an estimate of the number of people drowned, which did not account for o…
Flooding was a perennial problem faced by those living in the Yangzi region. (Accessed at www.archive.org)
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