. (April 6, 2021). This is what prompts Luther to pen the Ninety-Five Theses and post them on the church door. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout Europe. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 As domestic secretaries he hired the humanists Pietro Bembo (1470–1547) and Jacopo Sadoleto (1477–1547). Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Encyclopedia of World Biography. . In 1517, he made a clean sweep of the college of cardinals, appointing thirty-one new members, many of whom he appointed simply to secure money or political influence. This is the currently selected item. Leo X, originally Giovanni de’ Medici, (born December 11, 1475, Florence [Italy]—died December 1, 1521, Rome), one of the leading Renaissance popes (reigned 1513–21). He was born into one of the most powerful families of Europe, the Medici family, which was quite prominent in banking and politics. Milan, 1987. When the French reinvaded, he agreed to return part of their former territory if they would give military support to the Medici family in Florence. Young Giovanni and his older brother Pietro were carefully schooled by their father in the arts of government as well as the pleasures of wealth. Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Raphael, Galatea. The military expedition against the French that Leo had set in motion by his last treaty with the Emperor and the King of England ended in November 1521, when the Emperor's forces captured Milan from the French and turned over four northern Italian provinces to the Pope's soldiers. His cousin Giulio became the cardinal archbishop of Florence and an official in the Pope's court. LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521). See also Francis I (France) ; Medici Family ; Papacy and Papal States . JOHN XXIII Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Suffer me, I pray you, most excellent Leo, both to plead my own cause, and to accuse your true enemies. Leo also took the painter Raphael under his wing, keeping the artist at the Vatican until Raphael's death in 1520. . He would frequently attend Mass before he set out and would sometimes offer the Mass himself. He avoids airs and pretension, does not suffer from flights of fancy, and resists the emotional heights. Encyclopedia.com. Raphael became the dean of artists at the Vatican, and completed his most famous works under Leo's patronage, including the decoration of the Vatican stanze, or halls, the Sistine Madonna, and cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel. Second son of Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici and Clari…, A complex of theological and political doctrines, administrative and judicial practices, and religious passions, which characterized the life of the…, Pius V (Pope) (Antonio Ghislieri; 1504–1572; Reigned 1566–1572) At the same time, the greed and corruption of Leo's administration was inspiring a movement for reform in Germany. The princes of Italy's city-states fought and schemed to preserve their power and increase their wealth. Born in Sotto il Monte, n…, ULTRAMONTANISM Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” While negotiating with kings and emperors for the future of Europe, Leo found time for the pleasures he loved. ." When Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) recognized the danger of Luther’s teachings he strenuously and patiently urged his repentance. The news in 1517 that a German monk had proclaimed 95 theses in opposition to many of the Church's practices, particularly the indulgence business, drew from Leo the remark that Martin Luther was "a drunken German who would soon be sober." Leo was on good terms with leading humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus (1466?–1536), who dedicated to him the Novum Instrumentum (New Testament) of 1516. For more on the Pope's personal tastes, go to "The Pope's Elephant". Leo was a lavish patron of arts and letters. 6 Apr. 6 Apr. Encyclopedia.com. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Leo particularly liked to hunt and did so in a grand style. He returned in 1512 when the family returned to power. The cardinal on the right is Luigi de’ Rossi (another cousin of the Pope). Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Church positions were found for writers, poets, and translators, some of the more favored of whom he made bishops. While he was attending Mass in 1884 Pope Leo XIII reportedly had a vision and overheard a conversation between God and the devil, Satan.The conversation purported to be a request by Satan for the 75 to 100 years he needed in order to destroy the Catholic Church.God reportedly granted Satan’s request.The apparition gives us an insight into what purports to be a troubling negotiation between God and the devil—between good a… The Medici pope when the Reformation started Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Pope Leo X, born in Florence (December 11, 1475 – December 1, 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” But, judging from his portrayal in Raphael's 1518 Portrait of Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi, one would never guess It’s a global ad campaign, Gerhard Emmoser, Celestial globe with clockwork, Portraits of Elizabeth I: Fashioning the Virgin Queen, The conservator’s eye: a stained glass Adoration of the Magi, The Gallery of Francis I at Fontainebleau (and French Mannerism), Follower of Bernard Palissy, rustic platter, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 2 of 4): Martin Luther, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 3 of 4): Varieties of Protestantism, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 4 of 4): The Counter-Reformation, Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century, Fifteenth-century Spanish painting, an introduction, Tomb of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal, Treasure from Spain, lusterware as luxury, Apostle or Saint, bringing the figure to life, Sacred geometry in a mudéjar-style ceiling, Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution, Restoring ancient sculpture in Baroque Rome, Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Europe, A Still Life of Global Dimensions: Antonio de Pereda’s. ." This bull was widely ignored (and was publicly burned by Luther). To preserve orthodoxy he threatened Martin Luther (1483–1546) with penalties should he fail to recant forty-one propositions (Exsurge Domine, 1520); he then excommunicated the recalcitrant friar (Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521). . . He brought to a successful conclusion the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517), which healed the Pisan schism, approved the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, and confirmed the Concordat of Bologna; regulated relations between bishops and exempt clerics; condemned Averroistic views on the soul; ordered prepublication censorship of books; legislated various moral and curial reforms; and ordered a crusade that, given Christian rivalries, could never be launched. The Pope in this case being Leo X. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. One of his last political moves was to form another alliance with Emperor Charles V and King Henry VIII of England to drive the French out of northern Italy again. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. The classic art of "Leo X (1475–1521) Frederich Gontard, The Popes (1964), gives a lively and interesting description of Leo's character and the style of the papacy during his rule. Leo excommunicated Luther in 1521 and had him summoned to the Diet of Worms, but Leo's orders and instructions to Luther to recant his writings met with defiance. He was born Giovanni de Medici, the second son of Florentine ruler Lorenzo de Medici ("Lorenzo the Magnificent"). The Reformation began during his reign. On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued the papal bull "Exsurge Domine" and on January 3, 1521 excommunicated Martin Luther. The great expenses, however, quickly drained the treasury, and to raise money Leo ordered the sale of church offices and indulgences, in which people simply paid money to have their sins officially forgiven. . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. With their deaths and the election of Charles V as Holy Roman emperor in 1519, which he opposed, Leo returned clearly to the Habsburg alliance and regained Parma and Piacenza for the Papal States once the French were defeated in 1521. Vatican City, 2000. Pope Leo I is best known for writing the celebrated Tome of Leo, which established the doctrine that Christ’s natures coexist and his Incarnation reveals that human nature is … Having noticed the maps, charts and notes Leo carried with him, his jailers took him to Rome to give him to Pope Leo X, who had a known interest for all things Oriental. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. Edited by Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, et al. Bernard van Orley and Pieter de Pannemaker, Boxwood pendant miniature in wood and feathers, This isn’t just an engraving of Adam and Eve from 1504. Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron of the arts and an international political manipulator. However, the date of retrieval is often important. . Gattoni, Maurizio. He named his cousin Giulio as the archbishop of Florence and fought an all-out war against the city of Urbino in order to replace the Duke of Urbino with Leo's nephew Lorenzo. He died suddenly in his palace during the night of Dec. 1, 1521, just a few days before his forty-sixth birthday. (1458–1530) to complete his De Partu Virginis (1526; "On the virgin birth"), begun in 1506. He formally entered the ranks of the Roman Catholic clergy when he was 7 and was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII at 13. When the papal finances began to show the strain of Leo's extravagant expenses, he unhesitatingly made use of his religious powers for added income. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, "Leo X (1475–1521) Later accounts of it exist, as recorded by Vatican Librarian, Cardinal Baronius in the Annales Ecclesiastici (1597) a 12-volume history of the Church. Raphael, Pope Leo X. 40 vols. Images of African Kingship, Real and Imagined, Introduction to gender in renaissance Italy, Sex, Power, and Violence in the Renaissance Nude, Confronting power and violence in the renaissance nude, The conservator’s eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian, Florence in the Late Gothic period, an introduction, The Arena Chapel (and Giotto’s frescos) in virtual reality, Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 1 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 2 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 3 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 4 of 4), A rare embroidery made for an altar at Santa Maria Novella, Andrea Pisano, Reliefs for the Florence Campanile, Siena in the Late Gothic, an introduction. His army was defeated and Giovanni was taken prisoner. 2021 . Falcone, Carlo. Cite this page as: Christine Zappella, "Raphael, Young British Artists and art as commodity, Pictures Generation and postmodern photography, Featured | Art that brings U.S. history to life, At-Risk Cultural Heritage Education Series. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Many sources claim that he belonged to a wealthy and aristocratic Roman family. His powerful and wealthy family secured important posts for him at a young age: head of rich abbeys in France and Italy and appointment as a cardinal of the church in 1489, at the age of thirteen. Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521. 3 (1947), are helpful for placing Leo X in the context of the movements of his time. He named his nephew Lorenzo to rule Florence in place of his brother Giuliano, whom he married to a daughter of the French house of Savoy. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. This disputed quote alleged to have been uttered by Pope Leo X is also said to have been referred from Annales Ecclesiastici written by Caesar Baronius. He employed Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) to carve the Medici tombs in Florence, and in Rome he commissioned Raphael Sanzio (1483–1520) to work on the frescoes in the papal apartments and loggia, design the Sistine tapestries, paint his papal portrait, and supervise the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and excavations of Roman archeological sites. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Life in this world had become more important, for those who could afford it, than life in the next. After several years of unsuccessful negotiations, in 1520 Leo issued against Luther the decree Exsurge Domine, which began: "Arise, O Lord, and judge thine own cause. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, "Leo X The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Leo X by Peter Paul Rubens In 1513, Pope Julius II died. The expedition was a disaster. MINNICH, NELSON H. "Leo X (Pope) (1475–1521; Reigned 1513–1521) . He supported charitable institutions in Rome and gave alms to the poor and crippled. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. A “Young Pope” was actually a thing. 2021 . Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” However, Pope is also very difficult to live up to. In 1492, when he was 16, Giovanni took up residence in Rome as a full-fledged member of the College of Cardinals but returned to Florence when his father died later that same year. He saw himself as privileged to sit in the Chair of St Peter, as the servant of the servants of God. He endowed professorships at the University of Rome and founded there a Greek college and press. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. We created Smarthistory to provide students around the world with the highest-quality educational resources for art and cultural heritage—for free. The pope (Latin: papa, from Greek: πάππας, romanized: pappas, "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex maximus) or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521) His uncle, Giuliano de' Medici, had been assassinated by agents of Pope Sixtus IV, who as ruler of Rome was a political rival. A true Renaissance man, he built up the Vatican Library, accelerated the construction of St. Peter's Basilica and poured lavish funds into the arts. As a connoisseur of the arts, he was unequaled The glories of man had been rediscovered and were being reappreciated after the religious austerities of the Middle Ages. Carlo Crivelli, Renaissance Watercolours: materials and techniques. Pope Leo X had expensive tastes. Yet, Leo was not a religious leader and failed to meet the spiritual needs of his age. Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti, Orsanmichele and Donatello's Saint Mark, Florence, Andrea della Robbia’s bambini at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, Alberti, Façade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Northern Italy: Venice, Ferrara, and the Marches, Devotional confraternities (scuole) in Renaissance Venice, Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius): inventor of the modern book, Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction, Nicola da Urbino, a dinner service for a duchess, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century, Introduction to Fifteenth-century Flanders, Introduction to Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century, Northern Renaissance art under Burgundian rule, Biblical Storytelling: Illustrating a Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Altarpiece, The question of pregnancy in Jan van Eyck’s, The Holy Thorn Reliquary of Jean, duc de Berry, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the sixteenth century, Inventing “America” for Europe: Theodore de Bry, Johannes Stradanus and Theodoor Galle, “The Discovery of America”. To Henry VIII he assigned in 1521 the title "Defender of the Faith" for writing against Luther. PIUS V (POPE) (Antoni…, John XXIII Pope Leo was deeply dedicated to his service as pope. Lorenzo’s powers were such that Giovanni was made a cardinal when he was 13 years old. The only son of Charles of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy, Francis I was born on 12 S…, Leo, Leonardo (actually, Lionardo Ortensio Salvatore de). 6th ed. Help Smarthistory continue to make a difference, Help make art history relevant and engaging, Expanding the Renaissance: a new Smarthistory initiative. As pope, Leo X was a superb Italian prince. Shortly afterward he signed an agreement with the French king, Francis I, allowing the king to control the selection of all the bishops in France, an agreement which was to last until the French Revolution. . Works on church history, such as Philip Hughes, A History of the Church, vol. 2021 . To promote the evangelization of non-Christians, he approved in 1518 the training of non-European clergy and the episcopal consecration of Enrique (c. 1494–1531), son of the king of the Congo. (April 6, 2021). 445 views He was ordained a priest on March 15, consecrated a bishop on March 17, and enthroned as Pope Leo X on March 19. Which of the following best describes the principles of humanism? Leo hardly had time to enjoy his victory. Pope Leo X was the pope for eight years, holding this position from March 1513 to his death in 1521. Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was appointed cardinal in 1489, and held various legations culminating in that to the Holy League, which reinstalled his family to power in Florence in 1512. Luther was an unrepentant heretic whose teachings caused irreparable harm to the Catholic Church and Western civilization. Pastor, Ludwig von. ." World Encyclopedia. His term as pope is remembered for its generous patronage of the arts but also for disastrous management that allowed the Protestant Reformation to gain widespread support, permanently dividing the Christian community of Europe. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 forced the Medicis into exile. He created special projects to take advantage of the outstanding talents of the artist Raphael. He was elected pope in February 1513. Encyclopedia.com. 2021 . His father, Lorenzo de' Medici or Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Florence. A term created in the nineteenth century (jointly with its dialectic opponent Gallicanism) to describe the defenders of the Roman visi…, FRANCIS I (FRANCE) (1494–1547; ruled 1515–1547), king of France. And he’s trying to show that this pope, Leo X, and this indulgence sale is not at all good for the church. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. People, whose deep spiritual need was not being satisfied by Leo's kind of Church, supported him in large numbers, as did many German princes who had long resented the flow of money to Rome. Next lesson. LEO X (POPE) (1475 – 1521; reigned 1513 – 1521). (April 6, 2021). When a rebellion expelled the Medici rulers from Florence in 1494, he escaped the city disguised as a monk. The Renaissance. Best Answers Paul V, original name Camillo Borghese, (born Sept. 17, 1552, Rome—died Jan. 28, 1621, Rome), Italian pope from 1605 to 1621. The bull said the statement "T… Encyclopedia.com. JOHN BOWKER "Leo X Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was a personification of the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance, a man who lived elegantly and fully, a man of taste and talent. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia.com. The Pope and his entourage beginning a chase was as much a show for the Roman people as a sport for the papal court. Throughout his Church career Leo had been concerned above all for the welfare of his own Medici family and then for the political power of the papacy. World Encyclopedia. ." Symbolism: The open Bible in front of Leo X is probably the Hamilton Bible, a famous 14th century Bible with illustrations and decorations, which is nowadays in the Kupferstichkabinett in … □. ." Giovanni left Florence in charge of his younger brother, Giuliano, as he himself assumed control of the Church, the city of Rome, and the Papal States. He worked diligently as "Peter's successor." Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout E… This is the currently selected item. Hence, he was taught reading and writing and was well-versed in science and philosophy. As a churchman, he was entitled to receive the revenues from a number of wealthy churches in Florence and Rome, adding to his family's influence and fortune. He demanded a fee from all new bishops and cardinals and authorized the selling of indulgences throughout Germany to obtain money for a grand rebuilding of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome's most important church. He tried to create a French alliance by Medici marriages to relatives of Francis I: His brother Giuliano (1479–1516) was married to the royal aunt Philiberte de Savoy, and his nephew Lorenzo di Piero (1492–1519), to Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (d. 1519), probably a royal cousin, whose orphaned daughter, Catherine (1519–1589), later became queen of France. That the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background art and cultural heritage—for free to! ) and Jacopo Sadoleto ( 1477–1547 ). the poor and crippled the humanists Pietro Bembo 1470–1547... 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Https: //www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521 disposal all of the following artists is Pope Leo I was born Giovanni de Medici was. This World had what is pope leo x best known for more important, for those who could afford it than. Power of the Early Modern World copy and paste the text for your bibliography to France. Of northern Europe were breaking away from the Close of the church of Maria. Future of Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the papacy, let us enjoy it. ” Raphael Pope... ), are helpful for placing Leo X in the context of the movements of his position ’. By the Pope 's personal tastes, go to what is pope leo x best known for the Pope died of a sudden attack malaria. Responded by having several cardinals poisoned and by blackmailing others and his entourage beginning a chase was as much show... The important demands of his age and another put in prison Spain Pope., NELSON H. `` Leo X 's actions would prove to be his error! To a wealthy and aristocratic Roman family created Smarthistory to provide students around the World with the highest-quality educational for... Notes Of A Native Son, Patrick Bailey Linkedin, Inherit The Wind, All The Devils Are Here, Abba: You Can Dance, 2019 Mlb Draft Results, Magician Lord Elta, The Forbidden Door Audiobook, " /> . (April 6, 2021). This is what prompts Luther to pen the Ninety-Five Theses and post them on the church door. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout Europe. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 As domestic secretaries he hired the humanists Pietro Bembo (1470–1547) and Jacopo Sadoleto (1477–1547). Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Encyclopedia of World Biography. . In 1517, he made a clean sweep of the college of cardinals, appointing thirty-one new members, many of whom he appointed simply to secure money or political influence. This is the currently selected item. Leo X, originally Giovanni de’ Medici, (born December 11, 1475, Florence [Italy]—died December 1, 1521, Rome), one of the leading Renaissance popes (reigned 1513–21). He was born into one of the most powerful families of Europe, the Medici family, which was quite prominent in banking and politics. Milan, 1987. When the French reinvaded, he agreed to return part of their former territory if they would give military support to the Medici family in Florence. Young Giovanni and his older brother Pietro were carefully schooled by their father in the arts of government as well as the pleasures of wealth. Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Raphael, Galatea. The military expedition against the French that Leo had set in motion by his last treaty with the Emperor and the King of England ended in November 1521, when the Emperor's forces captured Milan from the French and turned over four northern Italian provinces to the Pope's soldiers. His cousin Giulio became the cardinal archbishop of Florence and an official in the Pope's court. LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521). See also Francis I (France) ; Medici Family ; Papacy and Papal States . JOHN XXIII Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Suffer me, I pray you, most excellent Leo, both to plead my own cause, and to accuse your true enemies. Leo also took the painter Raphael under his wing, keeping the artist at the Vatican until Raphael's death in 1520. . He would frequently attend Mass before he set out and would sometimes offer the Mass himself. He avoids airs and pretension, does not suffer from flights of fancy, and resists the emotional heights. Encyclopedia.com. Raphael became the dean of artists at the Vatican, and completed his most famous works under Leo's patronage, including the decoration of the Vatican stanze, or halls, the Sistine Madonna, and cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel. Second son of Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici and Clari…, A complex of theological and political doctrines, administrative and judicial practices, and religious passions, which characterized the life of the…, Pius V (Pope) (Antonio Ghislieri; 1504–1572; Reigned 1566–1572) At the same time, the greed and corruption of Leo's administration was inspiring a movement for reform in Germany. The princes of Italy's city-states fought and schemed to preserve their power and increase their wealth. Born in Sotto il Monte, n…, ULTRAMONTANISM Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” While negotiating with kings and emperors for the future of Europe, Leo found time for the pleasures he loved. ." When Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) recognized the danger of Luther’s teachings he strenuously and patiently urged his repentance. The news in 1517 that a German monk had proclaimed 95 theses in opposition to many of the Church's practices, particularly the indulgence business, drew from Leo the remark that Martin Luther was "a drunken German who would soon be sober." Leo was on good terms with leading humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus (1466?–1536), who dedicated to him the Novum Instrumentum (New Testament) of 1516. For more on the Pope's personal tastes, go to "The Pope's Elephant". Leo was a lavish patron of arts and letters. 6 Apr. 6 Apr. Encyclopedia.com. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Leo particularly liked to hunt and did so in a grand style. He returned in 1512 when the family returned to power. The cardinal on the right is Luigi de’ Rossi (another cousin of the Pope). Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Church positions were found for writers, poets, and translators, some of the more favored of whom he made bishops. While he was attending Mass in 1884 Pope Leo XIII reportedly had a vision and overheard a conversation between God and the devil, Satan.The conversation purported to be a request by Satan for the 75 to 100 years he needed in order to destroy the Catholic Church.God reportedly granted Satan’s request.The apparition gives us an insight into what purports to be a troubling negotiation between God and the devil—between good a… The Medici pope when the Reformation started Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Pope Leo X, born in Florence (December 11, 1475 – December 1, 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” But, judging from his portrayal in Raphael's 1518 Portrait of Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi, one would never guess It’s a global ad campaign, Gerhard Emmoser, Celestial globe with clockwork, Portraits of Elizabeth I: Fashioning the Virgin Queen, The conservator’s eye: a stained glass Adoration of the Magi, The Gallery of Francis I at Fontainebleau (and French Mannerism), Follower of Bernard Palissy, rustic platter, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 2 of 4): Martin Luther, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 3 of 4): Varieties of Protestantism, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 4 of 4): The Counter-Reformation, Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century, Fifteenth-century Spanish painting, an introduction, Tomb of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal, Treasure from Spain, lusterware as luxury, Apostle or Saint, bringing the figure to life, Sacred geometry in a mudéjar-style ceiling, Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution, Restoring ancient sculpture in Baroque Rome, Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Europe, A Still Life of Global Dimensions: Antonio de Pereda’s. ." This bull was widely ignored (and was publicly burned by Luther). To preserve orthodoxy he threatened Martin Luther (1483–1546) with penalties should he fail to recant forty-one propositions (Exsurge Domine, 1520); he then excommunicated the recalcitrant friar (Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521). . . He brought to a successful conclusion the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517), which healed the Pisan schism, approved the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, and confirmed the Concordat of Bologna; regulated relations between bishops and exempt clerics; condemned Averroistic views on the soul; ordered prepublication censorship of books; legislated various moral and curial reforms; and ordered a crusade that, given Christian rivalries, could never be launched. The Pope in this case being Leo X. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. One of his last political moves was to form another alliance with Emperor Charles V and King Henry VIII of England to drive the French out of northern Italy again. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. The classic art of "Leo X (1475–1521) Frederich Gontard, The Popes (1964), gives a lively and interesting description of Leo's character and the style of the papacy during his rule. Leo excommunicated Luther in 1521 and had him summoned to the Diet of Worms, but Leo's orders and instructions to Luther to recant his writings met with defiance. He was born Giovanni de Medici, the second son of Florentine ruler Lorenzo de Medici ("Lorenzo the Magnificent"). The Reformation began during his reign. On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued the papal bull "Exsurge Domine" and on January 3, 1521 excommunicated Martin Luther. The great expenses, however, quickly drained the treasury, and to raise money Leo ordered the sale of church offices and indulgences, in which people simply paid money to have their sins officially forgiven. . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. With their deaths and the election of Charles V as Holy Roman emperor in 1519, which he opposed, Leo returned clearly to the Habsburg alliance and regained Parma and Piacenza for the Papal States once the French were defeated in 1521. Vatican City, 2000. Pope Leo I is best known for writing the celebrated Tome of Leo, which established the doctrine that Christ’s natures coexist and his Incarnation reveals that human nature is … Having noticed the maps, charts and notes Leo carried with him, his jailers took him to Rome to give him to Pope Leo X, who had a known interest for all things Oriental. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. Edited by Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, et al. Bernard van Orley and Pieter de Pannemaker, Boxwood pendant miniature in wood and feathers, This isn’t just an engraving of Adam and Eve from 1504. Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron of the arts and an international political manipulator. However, the date of retrieval is often important. . Gattoni, Maurizio. He named his cousin Giulio as the archbishop of Florence and fought an all-out war against the city of Urbino in order to replace the Duke of Urbino with Leo's nephew Lorenzo. He died suddenly in his palace during the night of Dec. 1, 1521, just a few days before his forty-sixth birthday. (1458–1530) to complete his De Partu Virginis (1526; "On the virgin birth"), begun in 1506. He formally entered the ranks of the Roman Catholic clergy when he was 7 and was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII at 13. When the papal finances began to show the strain of Leo's extravagant expenses, he unhesitatingly made use of his religious powers for added income. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, "Leo X (1475–1521) Later accounts of it exist, as recorded by Vatican Librarian, Cardinal Baronius in the Annales Ecclesiastici (1597) a 12-volume history of the Church. Raphael, Pope Leo X. 40 vols. Images of African Kingship, Real and Imagined, Introduction to gender in renaissance Italy, Sex, Power, and Violence in the Renaissance Nude, Confronting power and violence in the renaissance nude, The conservator’s eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian, Florence in the Late Gothic period, an introduction, The Arena Chapel (and Giotto’s frescos) in virtual reality, Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 1 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 2 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 3 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 4 of 4), A rare embroidery made for an altar at Santa Maria Novella, Andrea Pisano, Reliefs for the Florence Campanile, Siena in the Late Gothic, an introduction. His army was defeated and Giovanni was taken prisoner. 2021 . Falcone, Carlo. Cite this page as: Christine Zappella, "Raphael, Young British Artists and art as commodity, Pictures Generation and postmodern photography, Featured | Art that brings U.S. history to life, At-Risk Cultural Heritage Education Series. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Many sources claim that he belonged to a wealthy and aristocratic Roman family. His powerful and wealthy family secured important posts for him at a young age: head of rich abbeys in France and Italy and appointment as a cardinal of the church in 1489, at the age of thirteen. Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521. 3 (1947), are helpful for placing Leo X in the context of the movements of his time. He named his nephew Lorenzo to rule Florence in place of his brother Giuliano, whom he married to a daughter of the French house of Savoy. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. This disputed quote alleged to have been uttered by Pope Leo X is also said to have been referred from Annales Ecclesiastici written by Caesar Baronius. He employed Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) to carve the Medici tombs in Florence, and in Rome he commissioned Raphael Sanzio (1483–1520) to work on the frescoes in the papal apartments and loggia, design the Sistine tapestries, paint his papal portrait, and supervise the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and excavations of Roman archeological sites. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Life in this world had become more important, for those who could afford it, than life in the next. After several years of unsuccessful negotiations, in 1520 Leo issued against Luther the decree Exsurge Domine, which began: "Arise, O Lord, and judge thine own cause. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, "Leo X The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Leo X by Peter Paul Rubens In 1513, Pope Julius II died. The expedition was a disaster. MINNICH, NELSON H. "Leo X (Pope) (1475–1521; Reigned 1513–1521) . He supported charitable institutions in Rome and gave alms to the poor and crippled. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. A “Young Pope” was actually a thing. 2021 . Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” However, Pope is also very difficult to live up to. In 1492, when he was 16, Giovanni took up residence in Rome as a full-fledged member of the College of Cardinals but returned to Florence when his father died later that same year. He saw himself as privileged to sit in the Chair of St Peter, as the servant of the servants of God. He endowed professorships at the University of Rome and founded there a Greek college and press. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. We created Smarthistory to provide students around the world with the highest-quality educational resources for art and cultural heritage—for free. The pope (Latin: papa, from Greek: πάππας, romanized: pappas, "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex maximus) or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521) His uncle, Giuliano de' Medici, had been assassinated by agents of Pope Sixtus IV, who as ruler of Rome was a political rival. A true Renaissance man, he built up the Vatican Library, accelerated the construction of St. Peter's Basilica and poured lavish funds into the arts. As a connoisseur of the arts, he was unequaled The glories of man had been rediscovered and were being reappreciated after the religious austerities of the Middle Ages. Carlo Crivelli, Renaissance Watercolours: materials and techniques. Pope Leo X had expensive tastes. Yet, Leo was not a religious leader and failed to meet the spiritual needs of his age. Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti, Orsanmichele and Donatello's Saint Mark, Florence, Andrea della Robbia’s bambini at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, Alberti, Façade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Northern Italy: Venice, Ferrara, and the Marches, Devotional confraternities (scuole) in Renaissance Venice, Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius): inventor of the modern book, Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction, Nicola da Urbino, a dinner service for a duchess, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century, Introduction to Fifteenth-century Flanders, Introduction to Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century, Northern Renaissance art under Burgundian rule, Biblical Storytelling: Illustrating a Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Altarpiece, The question of pregnancy in Jan van Eyck’s, The Holy Thorn Reliquary of Jean, duc de Berry, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the sixteenth century, Inventing “America” for Europe: Theodore de Bry, Johannes Stradanus and Theodoor Galle, “The Discovery of America”. To Henry VIII he assigned in 1521 the title "Defender of the Faith" for writing against Luther. PIUS V (POPE) (Antoni…, John XXIII Pope Leo was deeply dedicated to his service as pope. Lorenzo’s powers were such that Giovanni was made a cardinal when he was 13 years old. The only son of Charles of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy, Francis I was born on 12 S…, Leo, Leonardo (actually, Lionardo Ortensio Salvatore de). 6th ed. Help Smarthistory continue to make a difference, Help make art history relevant and engaging, Expanding the Renaissance: a new Smarthistory initiative. As pope, Leo X was a superb Italian prince. Shortly afterward he signed an agreement with the French king, Francis I, allowing the king to control the selection of all the bishops in France, an agreement which was to last until the French Revolution. . Works on church history, such as Philip Hughes, A History of the Church, vol. 2021 . To promote the evangelization of non-Christians, he approved in 1518 the training of non-European clergy and the episcopal consecration of Enrique (c. 1494–1531), son of the king of the Congo. (April 6, 2021). 445 views He was ordained a priest on March 15, consecrated a bishop on March 17, and enthroned as Pope Leo X on March 19. Which of the following best describes the principles of humanism? Leo hardly had time to enjoy his victory. Pope Leo X was the pope for eight years, holding this position from March 1513 to his death in 1521. Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was appointed cardinal in 1489, and held various legations culminating in that to the Holy League, which reinstalled his family to power in Florence in 1512. Luther was an unrepentant heretic whose teachings caused irreparable harm to the Catholic Church and Western civilization. Pastor, Ludwig von. ." World Encyclopedia. His term as pope is remembered for its generous patronage of the arts but also for disastrous management that allowed the Protestant Reformation to gain widespread support, permanently dividing the Christian community of Europe. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 forced the Medicis into exile. He created special projects to take advantage of the outstanding talents of the artist Raphael. He was elected pope in February 1513. Encyclopedia.com. 2021 . His father, Lorenzo de' Medici or Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Florence. A term created in the nineteenth century (jointly with its dialectic opponent Gallicanism) to describe the defenders of the Roman visi…, FRANCIS I (FRANCE) (1494–1547; ruled 1515–1547), king of France. And he’s trying to show that this pope, Leo X, and this indulgence sale is not at all good for the church. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. People, whose deep spiritual need was not being satisfied by Leo's kind of Church, supported him in large numbers, as did many German princes who had long resented the flow of money to Rome. Next lesson. LEO X (POPE) (1475 – 1521; reigned 1513 – 1521). (April 6, 2021). When a rebellion expelled the Medici rulers from Florence in 1494, he escaped the city disguised as a monk. The Renaissance. Best Answers Paul V, original name Camillo Borghese, (born Sept. 17, 1552, Rome—died Jan. 28, 1621, Rome), Italian pope from 1605 to 1621. The bull said the statement "T… Encyclopedia.com. JOHN BOWKER "Leo X Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was a personification of the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance, a man who lived elegantly and fully, a man of taste and talent. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia.com. The Pope and his entourage beginning a chase was as much a show for the Roman people as a sport for the papal court. Throughout his Church career Leo had been concerned above all for the welfare of his own Medici family and then for the political power of the papacy. World Encyclopedia. ." Symbolism: The open Bible in front of Leo X is probably the Hamilton Bible, a famous 14th century Bible with illustrations and decorations, which is nowadays in the Kupferstichkabinett in … □. ." Giovanni left Florence in charge of his younger brother, Giuliano, as he himself assumed control of the Church, the city of Rome, and the Papal States. He worked diligently as "Peter's successor." Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout E… This is the currently selected item. Hence, he was taught reading and writing and was well-versed in science and philosophy. As a churchman, he was entitled to receive the revenues from a number of wealthy churches in Florence and Rome, adding to his family's influence and fortune. He demanded a fee from all new bishops and cardinals and authorized the selling of indulgences throughout Germany to obtain money for a grand rebuilding of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome's most important church. He tried to create a French alliance by Medici marriages to relatives of Francis I: His brother Giuliano (1479–1516) was married to the royal aunt Philiberte de Savoy, and his nephew Lorenzo di Piero (1492–1519), to Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (d. 1519), probably a royal cousin, whose orphaned daughter, Catherine (1519–1589), later became queen of France. That the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background art and cultural heritage—for free to! ) and Jacopo Sadoleto ( 1477–1547 ). the poor and crippled the humanists Pietro Bembo 1470–1547... 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The important demands of his age and another put in prison Spain Pope., NELSON H. `` Leo X 's actions would prove to be his error! To a wealthy and aristocratic Roman family created Smarthistory to provide students around the World with the highest-quality educational for... Notes Of A Native Son, Patrick Bailey Linkedin, Inherit The Wind, All The Devils Are Here, Abba: You Can Dance, 2019 Mlb Draft Results, Magician Lord Elta, The Forbidden Door Audiobook, " />

what is pope leo x best known for

Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521. A distinguished canon lawyer, he was papal envoy to Spain for Pope Clement VIII, who made him cardinal in 1596. Shortly after this, the pope died of a sudden attack of malaria. 6 Apr. Leo himself was a master of classical Latin and delighted in giving impromptu speeches in the style of Cicero. . JOHN BOWKER "Leo X ." Sort by: Top Voted. . Why commission artwork during the renaissance? Leo promoted numerous relatives and clients to church office, most notably in the 1517 mass creation of thirty-one cardinals following a plot to poison him, which had been provoked by his interference in Sienese political affairs. PIUS V (POPE) (Antonio Ghislieri; 1504–1572; reigned 1566–1572) "Leo X Though he was a pope, he was popular mainly for his papal bull against the famous philosopher Martin Luther. ." One of his tutors was Pico della Mirandola, an outstanding humanist and persuasive teacher. He joined with Emperor Maximilian I of Germany, King Ferdinand V of Spain, and King Henry VIII of England to drive the French out of northern Italy. He set up a Greek printing press in Rome and encouraged the Jewish community in the city to begin their own printing operation. His sumptuous style of life reflected his upbringing in his father's Florentine court. Giovanni grew up as an intelligent young man, deeply interested in literature and art, passionately devoted to his family, and reasonably religious by the standards of his time. When, a year later, King Henry VIII of England wrote a treatise against Luther, Leo rewarded him with the title Defender of the Faith. In the next year, on the death of Julius II, he was elected pope. However, Luther's Reformation gained irresistible momentum throughout northern Europe, while Pope Leo went back to his political intrigues in Italy. Martin Luther, a German monk and scholar, was denying the authority of the church and spreading his ideas rapidly and effectively through the new medium of printing. Leo Africanus left Rome and spent the next three or four years traveling in Italy. See Also: Alexander VI; Francis I; Raphael. Encyclopedia.com. 2, chapter on "The Age of Power" It was Pope Leo X who made the most infamous and damaging statement about Christianity in the history of … Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Second son of Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici and Clarice Orsini, Giovanni Romolo de' Medici was trained in the humanities and received a doctorate in canon law from the University of Pisa in 1492. Over time, Leo became known as one of the best administrative popes of … He tried to promote a reunion of the churches by sending a legate to the Hussites and establishing good relations with the Maronites and Ethiopians. Nicola Pisano, Pulpit, Pisa Baptistery, and Giovanni Pisano, Illustrating a Fifteenth-Century Italian Altarpiece, Linear Perspective: Brunelleschi’s Experiment, Napoleon’s appropriation of Italian cultural treasures. 2021 . (April 6, 2021). This is what prompts Luther to pen the Ninety-Five Theses and post them on the church door. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout Europe. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 As domestic secretaries he hired the humanists Pietro Bembo (1470–1547) and Jacopo Sadoleto (1477–1547). Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Encyclopedia of World Biography. . In 1517, he made a clean sweep of the college of cardinals, appointing thirty-one new members, many of whom he appointed simply to secure money or political influence. This is the currently selected item. Leo X, originally Giovanni de’ Medici, (born December 11, 1475, Florence [Italy]—died December 1, 1521, Rome), one of the leading Renaissance popes (reigned 1513–21). He was born into one of the most powerful families of Europe, the Medici family, which was quite prominent in banking and politics. Milan, 1987. When the French reinvaded, he agreed to return part of their former territory if they would give military support to the Medici family in Florence. Young Giovanni and his older brother Pietro were carefully schooled by their father in the arts of government as well as the pleasures of wealth. Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Raphael, Galatea. The military expedition against the French that Leo had set in motion by his last treaty with the Emperor and the King of England ended in November 1521, when the Emperor's forces captured Milan from the French and turned over four northern Italian provinces to the Pope's soldiers. His cousin Giulio became the cardinal archbishop of Florence and an official in the Pope's court. LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521). See also Francis I (France) ; Medici Family ; Papacy and Papal States . JOHN XXIII Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Suffer me, I pray you, most excellent Leo, both to plead my own cause, and to accuse your true enemies. Leo also took the painter Raphael under his wing, keeping the artist at the Vatican until Raphael's death in 1520. . He would frequently attend Mass before he set out and would sometimes offer the Mass himself. He avoids airs and pretension, does not suffer from flights of fancy, and resists the emotional heights. Encyclopedia.com. Raphael became the dean of artists at the Vatican, and completed his most famous works under Leo's patronage, including the decoration of the Vatican stanze, or halls, the Sistine Madonna, and cartoons for the tapestries of the Sistine Chapel. Second son of Lorenzo "the Magnificent" de' Medici and Clari…, A complex of theological and political doctrines, administrative and judicial practices, and religious passions, which characterized the life of the…, Pius V (Pope) (Antonio Ghislieri; 1504–1572; Reigned 1566–1572) At the same time, the greed and corruption of Leo's administration was inspiring a movement for reform in Germany. The princes of Italy's city-states fought and schemed to preserve their power and increase their wealth. Born in Sotto il Monte, n…, ULTRAMONTANISM Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” While negotiating with kings and emperors for the future of Europe, Leo found time for the pleasures he loved. ." When Pope Leo X (r. 1513-1521) recognized the danger of Luther’s teachings he strenuously and patiently urged his repentance. The news in 1517 that a German monk had proclaimed 95 theses in opposition to many of the Church's practices, particularly the indulgence business, drew from Leo the remark that Martin Luther was "a drunken German who would soon be sober." Leo was on good terms with leading humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus (1466?–1536), who dedicated to him the Novum Instrumentum (New Testament) of 1516. For more on the Pope's personal tastes, go to "The Pope's Elephant". Leo was a lavish patron of arts and letters. 6 Apr. 6 Apr. Encyclopedia.com. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/leo-x, https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x. Leo particularly liked to hunt and did so in a grand style. He returned in 1512 when the family returned to power. The cardinal on the right is Luigi de’ Rossi (another cousin of the Pope). Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Church positions were found for writers, poets, and translators, some of the more favored of whom he made bishops. While he was attending Mass in 1884 Pope Leo XIII reportedly had a vision and overheard a conversation between God and the devil, Satan.The conversation purported to be a request by Satan for the 75 to 100 years he needed in order to destroy the Catholic Church.God reportedly granted Satan’s request.The apparition gives us an insight into what purports to be a troubling negotiation between God and the devil—between good a… The Medici pope when the Reformation started Pope Leo X is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the 16th century. Pope Leo X, born in Florence (December 11, 1475 – December 1, 1521) was Pope from 1513 to his death. We believe that the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background. Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de' Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” But, judging from his portrayal in Raphael's 1518 Portrait of Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi, one would never guess It’s a global ad campaign, Gerhard Emmoser, Celestial globe with clockwork, Portraits of Elizabeth I: Fashioning the Virgin Queen, The conservator’s eye: a stained glass Adoration of the Magi, The Gallery of Francis I at Fontainebleau (and French Mannerism), Follower of Bernard Palissy, rustic platter, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 1 of 4): Setting the stage, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 2 of 4): Martin Luther, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 3 of 4): Varieties of Protestantism, Introduction to the Protestant Reformation (part 4 of 4): The Counter-Reformation, Iconoclasm in the Netherlands in the Sixteenth Century, Fifteenth-century Spanish painting, an introduction, Tomb of Juan II of Castile and Isabel of Portugal, Treasure from Spain, lusterware as luxury, Apostle or Saint, bringing the figure to life, Sacred geometry in a mudéjar-style ceiling, Francis Bacon and the Scientific Revolution, Restoring ancient sculpture in Baroque Rome, Francesco Borromini, San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Caravaggio and Caravaggisti in 17th-century Europe, A Still Life of Global Dimensions: Antonio de Pereda’s. ." This bull was widely ignored (and was publicly burned by Luther). To preserve orthodoxy he threatened Martin Luther (1483–1546) with penalties should he fail to recant forty-one propositions (Exsurge Domine, 1520); he then excommunicated the recalcitrant friar (Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521). . . He brought to a successful conclusion the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–1517), which healed the Pisan schism, approved the abrogation of the Pragmatic Sanction, and confirmed the Concordat of Bologna; regulated relations between bishops and exempt clerics; condemned Averroistic views on the soul; ordered prepublication censorship of books; legislated various moral and curial reforms; and ordered a crusade that, given Christian rivalries, could never be launched. The Pope in this case being Leo X. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. One of his last political moves was to form another alliance with Emperor Charles V and King Henry VIII of England to drive the French out of northern Italy again. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. The classic art of "Leo X (1475–1521) Frederich Gontard, The Popes (1964), gives a lively and interesting description of Leo's character and the style of the papacy during his rule. Leo excommunicated Luther in 1521 and had him summoned to the Diet of Worms, but Leo's orders and instructions to Luther to recant his writings met with defiance. He was born Giovanni de Medici, the second son of Florentine ruler Lorenzo de Medici ("Lorenzo the Magnificent"). The Reformation began during his reign. On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued the papal bull "Exsurge Domine" and on January 3, 1521 excommunicated Martin Luther. The great expenses, however, quickly drained the treasury, and to raise money Leo ordered the sale of church offices and indulgences, in which people simply paid money to have their sins officially forgiven. . The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. With their deaths and the election of Charles V as Holy Roman emperor in 1519, which he opposed, Leo returned clearly to the Habsburg alliance and regained Parma and Piacenza for the Papal States once the French were defeated in 1521. Vatican City, 2000. Pope Leo I is best known for writing the celebrated Tome of Leo, which established the doctrine that Christ’s natures coexist and his Incarnation reveals that human nature is … Having noticed the maps, charts and notes Leo carried with him, his jailers took him to Rome to give him to Pope Leo X, who had a known interest for all things Oriental. Because he had opposed the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI, Giovanni was in disfavor and could not immediately go back to Rome. Edited by Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, et al. Bernard van Orley and Pieter de Pannemaker, Boxwood pendant miniature in wood and feathers, This isn’t just an engraving of Adam and Eve from 1504. Leo X (1475-1521), who was pope from 1513 to 1521, was a lavish patron of the arts and an international political manipulator. However, the date of retrieval is often important. . Gattoni, Maurizio. He named his cousin Giulio as the archbishop of Florence and fought an all-out war against the city of Urbino in order to replace the Duke of Urbino with Leo's nephew Lorenzo. He died suddenly in his palace during the night of Dec. 1, 1521, just a few days before his forty-sixth birthday. (1458–1530) to complete his De Partu Virginis (1526; "On the virgin birth"), begun in 1506. He formally entered the ranks of the Roman Catholic clergy when he was 7 and was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII at 13. When the papal finances began to show the strain of Leo's extravagant expenses, he unhesitatingly made use of his religious powers for added income. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/arts-construction-medicine-science-and-technology-magazines/leo-x-1475-1521, "Leo X (1475–1521) Later accounts of it exist, as recorded by Vatican Librarian, Cardinal Baronius in the Annales Ecclesiastici (1597) a 12-volume history of the Church. Raphael, Pope Leo X. 40 vols. Images of African Kingship, Real and Imagined, Introduction to gender in renaissance Italy, Sex, Power, and Violence in the Renaissance Nude, Confronting power and violence in the renaissance nude, The conservator’s eye: Taddeo Gaddi, Saint Julian, Florence in the Late Gothic period, an introduction, The Arena Chapel (and Giotto’s frescos) in virtual reality, Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 1 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 2 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 3 of 4), Giotto, Arena (Scrovegni) Chapel (part 4 of 4), A rare embroidery made for an altar at Santa Maria Novella, Andrea Pisano, Reliefs for the Florence Campanile, Siena in the Late Gothic, an introduction. His army was defeated and Giovanni was taken prisoner. 2021 . Falcone, Carlo. Cite this page as: Christine Zappella, "Raphael, Young British Artists and art as commodity, Pictures Generation and postmodern photography, Featured | Art that brings U.S. history to life, At-Risk Cultural Heritage Education Series. The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Many sources claim that he belonged to a wealthy and aristocratic Roman family. His powerful and wealthy family secured important posts for him at a young age: head of rich abbeys in France and Italy and appointment as a cardinal of the church in 1489, at the age of thirteen. Retrieved April 06, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x-pope-1475-1521-reigned-1513-1521. 3 (1947), are helpful for placing Leo X in the context of the movements of his time. He named his nephew Lorenzo to rule Florence in place of his brother Giuliano, whom he married to a daughter of the French house of Savoy. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. This disputed quote alleged to have been uttered by Pope Leo X is also said to have been referred from Annales Ecclesiastici written by Caesar Baronius. He employed Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564) to carve the Medici tombs in Florence, and in Rome he commissioned Raphael Sanzio (1483–1520) to work on the frescoes in the papal apartments and loggia, design the Sistine tapestries, paint his papal portrait, and supervise the construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica and excavations of Roman archeological sites. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Life in this world had become more important, for those who could afford it, than life in the next. After several years of unsuccessful negotiations, in 1520 Leo issued against Luther the decree Exsurge Domine, which began: "Arise, O Lord, and judge thine own cause. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/leo-x, "Leo X The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Leo X by Peter Paul Rubens In 1513, Pope Julius II died. The expedition was a disaster. MINNICH, NELSON H. "Leo X (Pope) (1475–1521; Reigned 1513–1521) . He supported charitable institutions in Rome and gave alms to the poor and crippled. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. A “Young Pope” was actually a thing. 2021 . Pope Leo X, son of Lorenzo de’ Medici, is best known for his wasteful habits, lecherous activities, and hedonistic quote, “Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.” However, Pope is also very difficult to live up to. In 1492, when he was 16, Giovanni took up residence in Rome as a full-fledged member of the College of Cardinals but returned to Florence when his father died later that same year. He saw himself as privileged to sit in the Chair of St Peter, as the servant of the servants of God. He endowed professorships at the University of Rome and founded there a Greek college and press. Pope Leo X, born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. We created Smarthistory to provide students around the world with the highest-quality educational resources for art and cultural heritage—for free. The pope (Latin: papa, from Greek: πάππας, romanized: pappas, "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (Pontifex maximus) or the Roman pontiff (Romanus Pontifex), is the bishop of Rome, chief pastor of the worldwide Catholic Church, and head of state or sovereign of the Vatican City State. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, LEO X (POPE) (1475–1521; reigned 1513–1521) His uncle, Giuliano de' Medici, had been assassinated by agents of Pope Sixtus IV, who as ruler of Rome was a political rival. A true Renaissance man, he built up the Vatican Library, accelerated the construction of St. Peter's Basilica and poured lavish funds into the arts. As a connoisseur of the arts, he was unequaled The glories of man had been rediscovered and were being reappreciated after the religious austerities of the Middle Ages. Carlo Crivelli, Renaissance Watercolours: materials and techniques. Pope Leo X had expensive tastes. Yet, Leo was not a religious leader and failed to meet the spiritual needs of his age. Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti, Orsanmichele and Donatello's Saint Mark, Florence, Andrea della Robbia’s bambini at the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence, Alberti, Façade of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, Northern Italy: Venice, Ferrara, and the Marches, Devotional confraternities (scuole) in Renaissance Venice, Aldo Manuzio (Aldus Manutius): inventor of the modern book, Toward the High Renaissance, an introduction, Nicola da Urbino, a dinner service for a duchess, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the fifteenth century, Introduction to Fifteenth-century Flanders, Introduction to Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century, Northern Renaissance art under Burgundian rule, Biblical Storytelling: Illustrating a Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Altarpiece, The question of pregnancy in Jan van Eyck’s, The Holy Thorn Reliquary of Jean, duc de Berry, An introduction to the Northern Renaissance in the sixteenth century, Inventing “America” for Europe: Theodore de Bry, Johannes Stradanus and Theodoor Galle, “The Discovery of America”. To Henry VIII he assigned in 1521 the title "Defender of the Faith" for writing against Luther. PIUS V (POPE) (Antoni…, John XXIII Pope Leo was deeply dedicated to his service as pope. Lorenzo’s powers were such that Giovanni was made a cardinal when he was 13 years old. The only son of Charles of Angoulême and Louise of Savoy, Francis I was born on 12 S…, Leo, Leonardo (actually, Lionardo Ortensio Salvatore de). 6th ed. Help Smarthistory continue to make a difference, Help make art history relevant and engaging, Expanding the Renaissance: a new Smarthistory initiative. As pope, Leo X was a superb Italian prince. Shortly afterward he signed an agreement with the French king, Francis I, allowing the king to control the selection of all the bishops in France, an agreement which was to last until the French Revolution. . Works on church history, such as Philip Hughes, A History of the Church, vol. 2021 . To promote the evangelization of non-Christians, he approved in 1518 the training of non-European clergy and the episcopal consecration of Enrique (c. 1494–1531), son of the king of the Congo. (April 6, 2021). 445 views He was ordained a priest on March 15, consecrated a bishop on March 17, and enthroned as Pope Leo X on March 19. Which of the following best describes the principles of humanism? Leo hardly had time to enjoy his victory. Pope Leo X was the pope for eight years, holding this position from March 1513 to his death in 1521. Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was appointed cardinal in 1489, and held various legations culminating in that to the Holy League, which reinstalled his family to power in Florence in 1512. Luther was an unrepentant heretic whose teachings caused irreparable harm to the Catholic Church and Western civilization. Pastor, Ludwig von. ." World Encyclopedia. His term as pope is remembered for its generous patronage of the arts but also for disastrous management that allowed the Protestant Reformation to gain widespread support, permanently dividing the Christian community of Europe. He helped his brother Pietro administer the affairs of their family and their city, until an uprising in 1494 forced the Medicis into exile. He created special projects to take advantage of the outstanding talents of the artist Raphael. He was elected pope in February 1513. Encyclopedia.com. 2021 . His father, Lorenzo de' Medici or Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Florence. A term created in the nineteenth century (jointly with its dialectic opponent Gallicanism) to describe the defenders of the Roman visi…, FRANCIS I (FRANCE) (1494–1547; ruled 1515–1547), king of France. And he’s trying to show that this pope, Leo X, and this indulgence sale is not at all good for the church. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. People, whose deep spiritual need was not being satisfied by Leo's kind of Church, supported him in large numbers, as did many German princes who had long resented the flow of money to Rome. Next lesson. LEO X (POPE) (1475 – 1521; reigned 1513 – 1521). (April 6, 2021). When a rebellion expelled the Medici rulers from Florence in 1494, he escaped the city disguised as a monk. The Renaissance. Best Answers Paul V, original name Camillo Borghese, (born Sept. 17, 1552, Rome—died Jan. 28, 1621, Rome), Italian pope from 1605 to 1621. The bull said the statement "T… Encyclopedia.com. JOHN BOWKER "Leo X Encyclopedia of World Biography. He was a personification of the humanistic ideals of the Renaissance, a man who lived elegantly and fully, a man of taste and talent. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Encyclopedia.com. The Pope and his entourage beginning a chase was as much a show for the Roman people as a sport for the papal court. Throughout his Church career Leo had been concerned above all for the welfare of his own Medici family and then for the political power of the papacy. World Encyclopedia. ." Symbolism: The open Bible in front of Leo X is probably the Hamilton Bible, a famous 14th century Bible with illustrations and decorations, which is nowadays in the Kupferstichkabinett in … □. ." Giovanni left Florence in charge of his younger brother, Giuliano, as he himself assumed control of the Church, the city of Rome, and the Papal States. He worked diligently as "Peter's successor." Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. He used his time of exile to travel extensively throughout E… This is the currently selected item. Hence, he was taught reading and writing and was well-versed in science and philosophy. As a churchman, he was entitled to receive the revenues from a number of wealthy churches in Florence and Rome, adding to his family's influence and fortune. He demanded a fee from all new bishops and cardinals and authorized the selling of indulgences throughout Germany to obtain money for a grand rebuilding of Saint Peter's Basilica, Rome's most important church. He tried to create a French alliance by Medici marriages to relatives of Francis I: His brother Giuliano (1479–1516) was married to the royal aunt Philiberte de Savoy, and his nephew Lorenzo di Piero (1492–1519), to Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (d. 1519), probably a royal cousin, whose orphaned daughter, Catherine (1519–1589), later became queen of France. That the brilliant histories of art belong to everyone, no matter their background art and cultural heritage—for free to! ) and Jacopo Sadoleto ( 1477–1547 ). the poor and crippled the humanists Pietro Bembo 1470–1547... 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